The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Adolescents And The...

Fairfax County School Start Time: Analysis of the Policy To this point, the emphasis of the paper has been the social issue of sleep deprivation in adolescents and the relationship that school start times have with the issue. The focus now shifts to the evaluation on school start times and the associated policies in Fairfax County schools. Demographics of Fairfax County and its Schools Fairfax County is one of the largest counties in Northern Virginia with a population of 1,111,620 in 2013 (Fairfax Demographics, 2013, p. 2). Additionally, the Fairfax County Public School (FCPS) district is the 10th largest school system in the United States. Table 1 provides salient data on the demographics of the Fairfax County school system. Table 1 Fairfax County School Demographics Source: (FCPS Demographics, 2014, p. 1) The current policy for start time for FCPS high schools is 7:20 am. Given the preceding data presented, a start time this early makes it extremely unlikely that adolescents will be able to achieve a sufficient amount of sleep on school days. Fairfax County and the FCPS recently released the results of a youth survey conducted for the 2013 – 2014 school year. The sleep results shown in Figure 3 unmistakably show that the majority of students surveyed are receiving less than the nine and one quarter hours of recommended sleep per night. Figure 3. Fairfax County Student Sleep Durations 2013, from (2103 FCYS, 2014, p. 177) Even as scientific evidence regardingShow MoreRelatedEffect Of Sleep On Adolescents1131 Words   |  5 Pagesand Harvard Medical School in 2005, where they found that deprivation of sleep has a negative effect on mood regulation as well as the physical being of an adult (Mullington 2005). However, these studies cannot be applied to the adolescent person beca use of the differences of the maturity in the brain from an adolescent person to an adult person (Ryan 1992). The effect deprivation of sleep on adolescents’ mood may suggestion that school during the formative years should start later because studentsRead MoreThe Body Of Knowledge Regarding Adolescent Sleep Deprivation861 Words   |  4 PagesSleep deprivation or the ability to get adequate sleep is a social issue. Persons in a sleep deprived state raise concerns such as performance and safety. Social issues affecting safety and performance are addressed by our society through policies, regulations, and laws. For example, the Federal Aviation Administration has strict guidelines regarding circadian rhythms and sleep for pilots (FAA, 2012, p. 5). Hundreds of thousands of adolescents in the United States face issues of reduced performanceRead MoreAdolescents Today Face A Widespread Chronic Health Problem : Sleep Deprivation1566 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescents today face a widespread chronic health problem: sleep deprivation. Research shows that getting enough sleep is a biological necessity. Sleep is essential for a person’s health and wellbeing, according to the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). Teens are among those least likely to get enough sleep; while they need on average 9 1/4 hours of sleep per night for optimal performance and health and brain development, teens average fewer than 7 hours per school night, and most report feeling tiredRead MoreHow Does Lack Sleep Affect 11-18 Year Old Adolescent?1142 Words   |  5 Pageslack of sleep affect 11-18 year old adolescent? Introduction What is sleep? Sleep is â€Å"A condition of body and mind which typically recurs for several hours every night, in which the nervous system is inactive, the eyes closed, the postural muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended†. People spend, on average, approximately a third of our life asleep. Along with eating, drinking and breathing, sleeping is one of the pillars for maintaining good mental and physical health. Sleep is reallyRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Childhood Deprivation1628 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately 8-10 hours of sleep per night and young adults (18-25) should be getting 7-9 hours of sleep ideally (Ferrara Gennaro, 2001). Getting this amount of sleep is ideal for proper growth and health in teens/young adults. However, generally speaking ask any typical High Schooler, more common in Juniors/Seniors, and they will say that their sleep schedule is nowhere close to the recommended amount (Dinges, Pack, Williams et al. 1997). This is where th e issue of sleep deprivation arises. Getting underRead MoreWhat Is the Effect of Lack of Sleep on College Students on Brain and Behavior?1868 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF LACK OF SLEEP ON A COLLEGE STUDENTS BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Gilbert and Weaver (2010) examined the sleep quality with academic performance with university students, whether it is complete sleep deprivation or poor sleep quality. This study was to determine if lack of sleep or having poor sleep value in non-demoralized college students were related to the low academic routine. The author’s expectations were to find the relationship between the student’s environmentRead MoreSleep Deprivation : Symptoms And Treatments1417 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiencing sleep deprivation or not having enough sleep will cause one to be frustrated. It is not a decent experience to have. Whenever we have sleep deprivation or have little sleep, we become less productive and not concentrated the next day. As these things happen, bosses will scold us or we will fail our tasks. While we fail, or get scolded, the mood at that moment is always annoying and unsatisfying. People who encounter with lack of sleep will know that having not enough sleep is th e mainRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesSleep deprivation is defined as the situation or condition of suffering from lack of sleep. Sleep deprivation is super common now days. People begin at such a young age. Most people can recall the first time they wanted to stay up super late to watch television, or hang out with their friends at a sleep over. Kids are constantly seeing older sibling and parents staying up and choosing other things over sleep. They’re taught at such a young age that sleep deprivation is an okay thing to do. We aren’tRead MoreThe Influence of Childhood Mental Disorders On the Quality of Public Education1037 Words   |  5 Pageschildren and adolescents in this country suffer from a serious mental disorder that causes significant functional impairments at home, at school and with peers. Of children ages 9 to 17, 21 percent have a diagnosable mental or addictive disorder that causes at least minimal impairment. Two most com mon mental illnesses that children have are Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Both of them usually cause the child to be unable to concentrate for a prolonged period of time, as well asRead MoreThe Problems Of The Everyday Student1469 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the everyday student. Go ahead and ask any average high school student how they are feeling, you are bound to get the response, â€Å"I’m tired.† When asked why, you will usually be greeted with some variant of the following three responses: work, homework, or school. These three tasks can not only be major annoyances, but can also cause serious health issues in the form of one of the most dangerous problems on this planet, insufficient sleep. Needless to say, there are students who go to bed feeling

Review Of Alan Lawson s A Commonwealth Of Hope

Review of A Commonwealth of Hope by Alan Lawson Many times, authors have a title to their work that can be intriguing and thought provoking, as if it were bait to an inevitable hook that would catch and keep you enthralled. In Alan Lawson’s circumstance, this is not the case. In Lawson’s A Commonwealth of Hope: The New Deal Response to Crisis, the title is very straight forward, as most would expect from a work mainly targeting the attentions of colleagues and other scholarly minds. The highly biographical book leads its readers on a chronological story of the Great Depression, the social and political life of Franklin Roosevelt and the progression of reformist ideas that sparked the New Deal. To say that Lawson did his homework is by far, an understatement. Like many historical pieces, the sources that he used were like his book, very scholarly and at times revolutionary in thought. At the conclusion of the book, Lawson writes an â€Å"Essay on Sources†. In this brief explanation, Lawson points out many of t he key pieces of literature that inspired and helped him tremendously along this thought process. The essay is so chock full of titles and authors, it seems an advertisement for authors that have similar ideas on the New Deal and the American Commonwealth Movement. He begins by starting with chapters dedicated to the causes of the collapse of the U.S.’s capitalistic economy. He starts his saga shortly after World War I, discussing the post war proposed reforms withShow MoreRelatedThe Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One Great Leap Forward by Parliament, but Are the Courts Able to Slow the Steady Retreat That Has Followed?17827 Words   |  72 Pagesconduct in question (â€Å"advancing a political, religious or ideological cause†), as well as the methods involved. The UK definition encompasses violence not only against a person, but also action which â€Å"involves serious damage to property†.30 Notably, s.1(1) of the TA 2000 defines as â€Å"terr orism† not only acts of violence against persons and property, but also threats of such action. As commented by the Court of Appeal in 2007, â€Å"what is striking about the language of section 1, read as a whole, is itsRead MoreThe Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One Great Leap Forward by Parliament, but Are the Courts Able to Slow the Steady Retreat That Has Followed?17817 Words   |  72 Pagesconduct in question (â€Å"advancing a political, religious or ideological cause†), as well as the methods involved. The UK definition encompasses violence not only against a person, but also action which â€Å"involves serious damage to property†.30 Notably, s.1(1) of the TA 2000 defines as â€Å"terrorism† not only acts of violence against persons and property, but also threats of such action. As commented by the Court of Appeal in 2007, â€Å"what is striking about the language of section 1, read as a whole, is itsRead MoreMonsanto: Better Liv ing Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesThe case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor in 2005 C A S E S I X News Corp in 2005: Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E N Shanghai Volkswagen: ImplementingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from th is work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experiencedRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesto be taken to balance the time taken on such strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are required to undertake additional reading from other sources and that their ‘practical’ work is supplemented by other material as mentioned above. ââ€"  ââ€"  ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 26 Free Essays

string(75) " This earned me a hug and a smile, and then she had to scurry off to work\." Unfortunately, Roman wasn’t entirely joking. â€Å"What are you doing?† I exclaimed when we got back to my apartment. He’d flounced on my couch and promptly grabbed a remote. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Heat CHAPTER 26 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was no sign of my car on the street, but if Seth had driven it back, Carter-transportation would have arrived much more quickly. â€Å"I have nowhere to go,† he said mildly. Aubrey strolled out from the bedroom and jumped up next to him. â€Å"You just got amnesty from an archdemon. That’s unheard of for a nephilim. I thought you wanted to put down roots? Why don’t you go get a place in the suburbs? Work on your lawn?† â€Å"No one wants to live there.† I raked my hand through my hair in exasperation and then immediately rearranged it. God, I’d missed shape-shifting. If I was going to be damned, I might as well enjoy the perks. â€Å"You can’t stay here. This place isn’t big enough.† â€Å"I don’t mind the couch.† I prepped myself for a rant, but then someone knocked at the door. Part of me hoped it would be Seth, even though that was pretty impossible. There was no immortal signature, which meant my visitor was a human. Yes, I’d definitely missed my abilities, even if they had strings attached. I opened the door and found Maddie. â€Å"Hey,† she said cheerily. â€Å"Hey,† I said, not sure I matched her enthusiasm. â€Å"Come in.† She stepped through, then faltered when she saw Roman. â€Å"Oh, I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to interrupt-â€Å" Roman hopped up from the couch. â€Å"No, no. I’m just an old friend. Roman.† He extended his hand. She shifted some papers she was holding and shook his hand in return. Her smile returned. â€Å"I’m Maddie. Nice to meet you.† She turned to me. â€Å"You got a sec? I was on my way to work and wanted to show you something.† She handed the papers over to me. They were in-depth reports of the new condo over on Alki Beach. There were detailed price listings, as well as room-by-room photos of one unit in particular. It wasn’t finished yet. The floor was only a foundation, and the drywall wasn’t painted. Nonetheless, the pictures were clear and gave a good idea of the spacious layout. One picture showed a balcony that opened up to a breathtaking view of the water and the Seattle skyline beyond. It was nothing like what Seth and I had shared, but it was nice. Roman, peering over my shoulder, let out a low whistle. â€Å"Nice.† I elbowed him out of my personal space. â€Å"Where’d you get these?† Maddie smiled. â€Å"You said you were busy, so I went over there myself and talked to the builder. This is the only one left, and they let me go through and take pictures.† I jerked my head up. â€Å"You took all these?† â€Å"I knew how stressed you were and wanted to help. Look, keep going, and you can see all the options you can still get. There are the floor choices: maple, bamboo, cherry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I took a deep breath to steady myself. Maddie hadn’t just printed out info for me. After all that searching and fine-tuning, she’d actually gone out of her way to assemble an entire dossier on this place, a place I’d just been acknowledging at random to make her feel better. â€Å"They’ve got a realtor on-site, but you can get your own too,† she continued. â€Å"Someone else was just looking at it, but the guy said if you were interested and put a bid in soon, he’d consider it along with the other person’s.† â€Å"Look,† piped in Roman. â€Å"Two bedrooms.† â€Å"Maddie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I swallowed. â€Å"You shouldn’t have done this.† She gave me a quizzical look. â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"It was too much work.† â€Å"Whatever. Besides, after all the stuff you’ve done for me? Georgina, this is nothing. Are you going to go talk to them? I’ll go with you if you want.† I sank down onto the couch, flipping through the pages without really comprehending them. I’d been angry when she and Seth hooked up. I had no right, however. She hadn’t known about our past. And if I hadn’t been so dead-set on keeping things secret, if she had known Seth and I had dated, I felt absolutely certain she would have never, ever gotten together with him. Because she was my friend. I felt a burning in my eyes and willed myself not to cry. I didn’t entirely know what I’d done to deserve that kind of friendship. She was a good person. She believed the best in me-just as Seth did. In this dark phase, Seth had never given up on me. Both of them were so good, so kind. And at the end of the day, there really wasn’t much of that among humans. Carter had said that if there were no other complications in the world, I would be the one Seth chose. But we did have complications. I still refused to hurt him because of sex, and that problem was now in full effect again. He’d thrown himself into danger for me on the beach. There would always be danger with the life I led-danger for him, not me. I wanted him badly, wanted to reestablish what we’d had, but if I did, I’d only be subjecting him to more of this rollercoaster existence. I’d deny him a normal life, a normal love. I couldn’t do that to him, no matter what he said about trying it again. Just because things don’t work out, it doesn’t mean there aren’t other people you can’t love. Love is too big a thing for you to go without it in life. At least for humans it was. I wanted Seth and Maddie to have that. I wanted them to have the dream I couldn’t have. Maddie’s expression softened as she peered at me. â€Å"Why are you looking at me like that?† I swallowed and gave her smile. â€Å"Just still amazed you did all this.† â€Å"Will you go take a look?† she asked excitedly. â€Å"Yeah. I will.† This earned me a hug and a smile, and then she had to scurry off to work. I sat back down on the couch, papers still clutched in my hands. Roman sat down opposite me. â€Å"You’re going to end it, aren’t you?† His voice was surprisingly gentle. â€Å"With Mortensen?† â€Å"Yeah. I mean, I knew we would, but it didn’t hit me until just now. We were deluding ourselves†¦caught up by a temporary situation. They deserve to be with each other, and I shouldn’t have done what I did to her.† I sighed. â€Å"Nyx tricked me with the dream. It wasn’t real.† Without thinking much about it, I rested my hand on my stomach. Even if there’d been any chance of getting pregnant while in stasis, it was gone now. â€Å"It might be real for them, though.† Roman looked so pained, so sympathetic that it was hard to imagine he still wanted to kill me. Though I was pretty sure he did. â€Å"I’m sorry,† he said. â€Å"Sorry you can’t have your man and your daughter. I’m even sorry you can’t have your cats.† I glanced over at where Aubrey slept, recalling the tortoiseshell cat from the dream. â€Å"Well, I think she’s happier being an only child anyway.† Seth showed up later that evening. Roman was mercifully gone, off to buy groceries. No matter my protests, he seemed intent on staying with me. I thought about complaining to Jerome but was pretty sure my boss wouldn’t appreciate such a petty concern right now. If he was still even my boss. I was taking no news as good news for now. Seth handed me my car keys as he walked in. â€Å"It’s out behind the building.† â€Å"Thanks.† â€Å"Sorry I took off like that. I didn’t want to†¦God, that was so hard.† â€Å"It was what I wanted,† I told him. We stood a couple feet apart, hesitant to get much closer. â€Å"I’m glad you listened to me.† â€Å"I wasn’t going to, you know. As soon as I got off the phone with that demon-and let me tell you, that was weird-I was going to head right back, and†¦I don’t know. I don’t know what I would have done. I would have stood by you.† â€Å"You could have gotten yourself killed.† He shrugged, like that was inconsequential. â€Å"I did actually head back, and then†¦then I saw Dante.† I crossed my arms, still fearful about approaching him, largely because I was afraid I’d throw myself at him. â€Å"I knew that’s what you’d done. But why? You don’t like him. You know what kind of person he is.† Seth nodded. â€Å"I don’t like him, but†¦they would have killed him, wouldn’t they?† I thought about Jerome, that cold and barely repressed anger in his eyes. He’d been pissed off, and I knew it must have killed him to not be able to take his wrath out on Grace. There were taboos about directly harming and interfering with mortals, but well, it wasn’t unheard of, and there were always loopholes. He would have gotten in less trouble for it than for smiting Grace. â€Å"Well,† I said, â€Å"let’s just say, they would have at least made him suffer considerably.† â€Å"I figured. And I couldn’t let that happen†¦not even to him. What he did was wrong-it seriously messed things up for you and put you at risk. But in some bizarre, crazy way, he did it because he loved you. And I’m not sure someone should be tortured for that. And†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Seth studied me carefully. â€Å"I had a feeling you wouldn’t have wanted that.† He was right. No matter how much I’d been hurt, despite the betrayal†¦I had cared about Dante. I still did a little. â€Å"God, I have to stop getting involved with unstable men. Where is he now?† â€Å"I dropped him off at his place. He started coming around and was able to walk and everything.† â€Å"If he has any sense, he’ll be long gone. I think Jerome’ll have a long memory.† â€Å"And, so†¦things are back to normal?† I took awhile to answer. â€Å"Yeah. I’m back in full succubus glory.† He turned away and began pacing. â€Å"I knew it would happen†¦knew this was coming, and yet†¦I kept pretending it wouldn’t.† â€Å"Me too. I think somewhere in my head, I had this fantasy that I could find Jerome and still be with you.† Seth stopped and looked at me. â€Å"We still can be. I meant what I said†¦that I would try again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I met his gaze levelly. â€Å"What about Maddie?† â€Å"I†¦I would end it with her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Do you love her?† My words were blunt. I think I caught him by surprise. â€Å"Yes†¦but it’s different. Different from the way I love you.† â€Å"It doesn’t matter,† I said. â€Å"You and I can’t be together. If you have a chance to be happy, then you need to take it. We can’t do this to her again. It’s wrong. She doesn’t deserve it.† â€Å"I told you I’d end things with her first if we were getting back together. I can’t cheat anymore.† â€Å"You can’t break up,† I said, surprised by the vehemence in my own voice. â€Å"She loves you. You love her. And after what we did to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You want me to stay with her as some sort of compensation?† I balked. â€Å"Well, no†¦not exactly. But you guys deserve each other. You deserve to be happy. And you aren’t ever going to be happy with me. It’s going to always be up and down-just like before.† â€Å"I’m starting to think all relationships are like that,† he said wearily. â€Å"I still don’t want to hurt you. I can’t stand that-I can’t forget what Hugh said, about how that would destroy you. And yet†¦something keeps pulling us back. I told you-we’re never going to be able to stay apart.† I knew exactly what he meant, but I didn’t say so. â€Å"I thought ending things before would fix all that, that the short-term pain would be worth the long-term stability. But I was wrong. We just found a whole new set of problems, and Maddie’s in the middle. I’m willing to try again†¦no matter how hard it is.† â€Å"You were right to end it with us,† I said harshly. â€Å"And I’m not willing to do it again.† He stared at me, shocked. My words were a lie, of course. Part of me wanted to try again, to endure anything to be with him. But I couldn’t stop thinking about Maddie. Couldn’t stop thinking about the hurt she would go through. It was ironic, really. Last time, he’d gone out of his way to hurt me purposely because it was for the greater good. Now I was doing the same for both of them, saving her from heartache and him from more grief with me. We were in an endless cycle. â€Å"You can’t mean that. I know you can’t.† His face was a mixture of incredulity and pain. I shook my head. â€Å"I do. You and me are a disaster. What we did during this stasis†¦it was wrong. It was disgraceful. Immoral. We betrayed someone who loves both of us, who wishes nothing but the best for us. How could we do that? What kind of precedent is that? How could we expect to have a solid relationship that was built on that sort of sordid foundation? One that was built on lies and deceit?† Saying those words hurt. It was tarnishing the beauty of these precious few days we had, but I needed to make my case. Seth was silent for several moments as he assessed me. â€Å"You’re serious.† â€Å"Yes.† I was a good liar, good enough that the person who loved me most couldn’t tell. â€Å"Go back to her, Seth. Go back to her and make it up to her.† â€Å"Georgina†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I could see it, see it hitting him. The full weight of betraying Maddie was sinking in. His nature couldn’t ignore the wrong he’d done. It was part of his good character, the character that had gone back to save Dante, the character that was going to make him leave me. Again. Hesitantly, he extended his hand to me. I took it, and he pulled me into an embrace. â€Å"I will always love you.† My heart was going to burst. How many times, I wondered, could I endure this kind of agony? â€Å"No, you won’t,† I said. â€Å"You’ll move on. So will I.† Seth left not long after that. Staring at the door, I replayed my own words. You’ll move on. So will I. In spite of how much he loved me, how much he was willing to risk, I truly felt he’d go back to Maddie, that he’d believe what I said. I’d driven home the guilt, made it trump his love for me. You’ll move on. So will I. The unfortunate part about being a good liar, however, was that while I could get other people to believe my words, I didn’t believe them myself. How to cite Succubus Heat CHAPTER 26, Essay examples

Market Structure and Technological Change Policy

Question: Discuss about the Market Structure and Technological Change Policy. Answer: Introduction: A natural monopoly is a type of monopoly that takes place due to high fixed costs as well as startup costs in order to operate a business in a detailed industry. This situation takes place when a single firm can supply the entire demand of the market for a commodity or service at a lower price as compared to other firms. This type of monopoly does not take place due to complicity or aggressive takeovers. One of the most common examples of natural monopoly is the utilities industry. Due to high cost structure of an industry, natural monopoly takes place. In order to offer the lowest unit price to customers, natural monopolies makes the use of limited resources more effectually (Baldwin Scott, 2013) Analysis A market refers to a particular place where commodities are acquired as well as sold. However, in economies, market indicates a particular place as well as an entire area where purchasers and sellers of a commodity are spread. Depending on the characteristics of competition, a market is mostly structured in different ways. One of the most common extreme forms of market competition is perfect competition. The most important characteristics of perfect competition are large number of buyers and sellers. As a result, the demand of individual purchaser comparative to the total demand is negligible and as a result, he cannot persuade the price of the commodity by his individual action (Lun, Hilmola, Goulielmos, Lai, Cheng, 2013). Under perfect competition, the supply of an individual seller is too small as compared to the total output and as a result, he is not able to persuade the cost of the product by his action alone. Another most imperative characteristic is that the firms are free to enter or leave the industry. Each of the firm under perfect competition manufactures and sells a homogenous good. The sellers also do not have an independent price policy under this market structure (Baldwin Scott, 2013). The above figure indicates the monopoly market structure under which there is only one producer or seller of a particular commodity. As a result, there is no difference between a firm and industry under this market structure. There is no competition under this market structure regarding the manufacturing or selling of a particular goods or services. There is a single producer and he is regarded as the price maker. Electricity companies are the most common type of example under monopoly (Bauer, 2013) The above figure shows the change of a firm from perfectly competitive market to a monopoly market. Under the perfect competition, firms mostly earn normal profits where price equals marginal cost. Under perfectly competitive market, firms produce at price Pm a quantity of Qm. The graph shows the intersection of demand and supply curve in order to evaluate the price and quantity of a product. The major purpose of the graph is to show that demand of a firm no longer remain perfectly elastic as the firm gets shifted from perfectly competitive market to monopoly market. The graph shows that under perfect competition, X-axis is equivalent to the horizontal straight line. However, the MR (marginal revenue) curve is below the AR curve under monopoly market (Baumol Blinder, 2015) It is important to understand the structure of the market in which a firm operates as it helps to determine the total number of firms in the market. It also helps to determine the degree to which the industry is vertically incorporated. The turnover of customers is also determined with the help of market structure (Hawley, 2015) The natural monopolies economies of scale are very important so that minimum efficient scale is not accomplished until the firm has become very large in relation to the total size of the market. Minimum efficient scale is the level of output at which all scale economies are exploited. Natural monopolies are popular in markets for essential services that require an exclusive infrastructure in order to deliver the commodity or service. As there is a probability to exploit monopoly power, the governments mostly have a tendency to nationalize as well as regulate them. There are several disadvantages that are associated with natural monopoly and the most common type of disadvantage is that there is no customer sovereignty. Customers are also likely get charged with high prices for low quality products and services. The lack of competition also leads to low quality products and also outdated services (Carvalho Marques, 2014) The government intervenes in the market of natural monopoly with the objective of reducing the dead weight loss and increase social welfare. According to the views of (Redmond, 2013), during natural monopoly, the producer has the potential of increasing the profit by increasing the price at such a high level that the consumers utility reduces rapidly. The government counters this situation by reducing the price level of the natural monopoly. The situation can be depicted in the figure below: As shown in the figure above, the producer who is producing in the natural monopoly market can produce where his marginal cost (MC) is equal to the marginal revenue (MR). This helps him in charging a price level of Pm at which the output supplied is Qm. As stated by (Stiglitz, 2015), this makes the society incur a loss. This is called the dead weight loss. The consumers also lose a proportion of their consumer surplus. To balance the situation the government intervenes in the natural monopoly market. The government can set a price level which will maximize the social welfare and also benefit the consumers and the producer as well. Following the views of (Scitovsky, 2013), the government can set the price level where the marginal cost is equal to the demand curve or the average revenue curve of the monopolist. This will increase the level of efficiency in the market. It will also benefit the consumers as the price level (Pe) will be much lower than the monopoly level of Pm. The quantity supplied at this level of price by the producer will also increase from Qm to Qe. But while doing so, the producer will incur a loss. At the output level Qm the producer will only get his marginal cost of production. The marginal cost of production only connects to the total variable cost of production. The total fixed cost will be still there for the producer. If by selling Qe quantity the producer only gets the marginal cost, he will incur a loss. The primary objective of the government is to increase the social welfare and reduce dead weight Loss. While doing so, if the government makes the price ceiling at Pe, the company will incur a loss as his total cost of production will not be recovered by selling at the level of quantity Qe. Hence, the objective of the government to increase social welfare will not be met at this point although the efficiency level will increase in the society. As stated by (Lim, 2015), at this level of price there is a chance of the producer leaving the market as the producer has no way of gathering his fixed cost back from the market. As stated by (Schubert, 2013), to address this issue the government can reduce the level of price to that level where the average revenue (AR) is equal to the average total cost (AC). This situation can also be written as: the government can set the price level at that point where the demand is equal to the average cost. Here, the price level will be Pr and the quantity will be Qr. At this point of production, the market looks similar to a perfectly competitive market. At this point of production the level of price rice is greater than Pe and lower than Pm. The quantity supplied at this level of price, Qr, is greater than Qm and lower than Qe. This shows that the consumers will not be better off at this level of price than in the monopoly price level. The quantity supplied at this level of price is also much higher which will benefit the consumers. In the views of (Simon, 2015), the social welfare will also increase at this level of price. There will be no dead weight loss associated to this level of production. The producer will also can recover the cost of production and hence will not incur a loss. The producer can enjoy normal profit at this level of production, which is not the case at price level Pe. Hence, it will benefit the consumer, producer, and the society as well. Deviating from the price output combination (Pr, Qr) will make any of the market agents worse off. Hence, it can be said that this combination represents a win-win situation. Conclusion There are various types of market structure that can be present in an economy regarding a good or a service. The monopoly market also can be divided into different categories like pure monopoly, natural monopoly, and others. In case of pure monopoly, the producer has to make sure that there remains a barrier to enter the market for other producers. For this purpose he uses his resources, which in turn increases his cost of production. The natural monopoly presents a situation where the monopoly market exists without any such initiative taken by the producer. This situation gives the producer the potential of charging a price which can lead to market failure due to inefficiency and as a result, the society can incur a dead weight loss. The consumers will also be worse off. The government thus intervenes in a natural monopoly market. The objective of the government is to reduce the dead weight loss of the society and to help the consumers to get a certain level of utility. For this pur pose, the government will set the price of the commodity or service at a level where the average revenue or the demand is equal to the average cost. This will ensure that the consumers will pay less for the products and the social welfare will be maximized. The producer will also enjoy normal profit here. It can also be concluded that there is no competition under monopoly market structure regarding the manufacturing or selling of a particular goods or services. References Baldwin, W., Scott, J. (2013).Market structure and technological change(Vol. 18). 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