Heart Disease Essay Research Paper Heart DiseaseIt free essay sample

Heart Disease Essay, Research Paper Heart Disease It is the clip of advancement. The clip of supercomputers, infinite birds, and many other admirations of engineering. We have walked on the Moon. We do our shopping at place via Internet pilotage. We can non merely talk with, but we can see the individual we are speaking to 1000s of stat mis off. It is mankind s greatest hr. Yet unhappily, it is besides our clip of deceasing. Strange that no affair how advanced our society has become, our state s wellness hasn T caught up. After all, bosom disease, besides known as cardiovascular disease, is our state s figure one slayer ( Preventive Magazine Health Books p. 153 ) . The most common, and most preventable, bosom disease of all is coronary arteria disease. This is caused when obstructions develop in the blood vass that provide oxygen-rich blood to the bosom musculus. A more general term for any damage of blood flow through the blood vass is arterial sclerosis ( Hale p. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Disease Essay Research Paper Heart DiseaseIt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 371 ) . One of the most common symptoms is chest hurting. When your bosom musculus is non acquiring adequate O, it sends out a painful warning signal called angina pectoris ( Hale p.372 ) . Because your bosom needs oxygen the most when it is working the hardest, angina is most likely to happen during exercising. And if the bosom musculus is deprived of O for long plenty, it will decease, ensuing in a bosom onslaught, or myocardial ( bosom musculus ) infarction ( weave decease ) ( Weisse p. 54 ) . As you can see, forestalling this disease should be a figure one precedence. The bar of bosom disease should get down in childhood and go on throughout life. But it is neer excessively late to get down ; people of all ages can profit greatly from diet, exercising, smoking surcease, and emphasis control to forestall bosom disease. We should seek to command our hazard factors, such as cholesterin, high blood-pressure, emphasis control, smoking wonts, deficiency of exercising, and dietetic jobs, or more specifically, fleshiness. There is no 1 manner, or miracle remedy, to command these factors, but common sense, every bit good as modern medical specialty, tells us how. Simply stop smoke, eat nutrients lower in cholesterin, lower your blood force per unit area with a healthy diet and a lower salt consumption ( this will besides command fleshiness ) , and utilize day-to-day exercising modus operandis to assist forestall disease. However, every bit easy as it is to forestall disease utilizing these simple techniques, it is besides recommended to see a physician regula rly to observe disease early in its presymptomatic, or soundless phases. Routine blood force per unit area testing can observe high blood pressure long before it had caused any harm, but in coronary arteria disease, testing is much more complex and less effectual. The EKG ( EKG ) is a simple trial that measures the bosom s electrical activity ( Donahue p. 35 ) . The most widely used testing trial is the exercising EKG, or stress trial. The theory is simple: acquire the bosom working hard so it needs more blood, and you will be able to observe partial obstructions in the coronary arterias. Unfortunately, exercising trials are non accurate for healthy people with a low mobility of coronary disease. As for myself, I try to utilize an exercising plan to cut down my personal hazard for bosom disease. I walk 30 proceedingss a dark with my boy, and purchase nutrients that are low in fat. I have a low Na consumption, in fact I neer truly use salt at all in my cookery. I do non smoke, and seek to avoid 2nd manus fume. As for my emphasis, I use task-oriented header schemes to maintain my emphasis degrees at a lower limit ( Lefton p.464 ) . I besides try to do regular visits to a clinic, and acquire physicals for both myself, and my boy Tre. Hopefully by utilizing these preventive schemes I can maintain bosom disease s lifelessly touch at bay. Like all countries of medical specialty, bar methods change as new informations accumulates and old thoughts autumn by the roadside. The sweetening of wellness and bar of disease comes from looking beyond the Numberss and statistics to measure the whole image. Clinical experience, opinion, and even personal experience is every bit of import to accomplishing a healthy life style as are difficult facts. Still, until we have all the scientific replies, opinions must sometimes do, and each of us must utilize methods of disease bar before the last word ( or last opinion ) is in. Bibliography Editors of Prevention Magazine Health Books, Prevention # 8217 ; s Giant Book of Health Facts, Rodale Press Inc. , Emmaus PA, 1991. Weisse, Allen B. M.D. , The Man # 8217 ; s Guide to Good Health, Consumers Union of United States Inc. , Yonkers, NY, 1991. Nathan hales, Diana, An Invitation to Health, 7th Edition, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA, 1997. Donahue, Peggy Jo, How to Prevent a Stroke, Rodale Press Inc, Emmaus PA, 1989. Lefton, Lester A. , Psychology, Allyn A ; Bacon, Maryland 1997.

Discussion Procedures Questions Final Essay

Discussion Procedures Questions Final Essay Discussion Procedures Questions Final Essay The use of questions is an integral part of teaching and there are a variety of questions as well as a variety of reasons for using questions while teaching. Asking the right questions promote learning and discovery, piques students interest, and creates discussions. This essay will explore the use and benefits of using questions to promote learning. In order for students to feel safe asking and answering questions, the first and most important thing a teacher can do is to create an environment that is conducive to asking questions. It is important to create an environment where students feel emotionally safe, and respected in their classroom, once this happens they will be able to grow and learn together. The climate of the classroom needs give students’ the ability to ask questions, answer questions, and share knowledge without the risk of being ridiculed or being made to feel inadequate, unimportant etc. In order to create this type of environment students must be taught that their classmates, and everyone who walks into the room comes with different background experiences, and the potential to perceive things differently then they do. It is important for students to understand and to recognize their classmates are coming in with different experiences and that they must respect those differences. It is important to crea te an environment that is respectful of students differences, safe for students to express their ideas, and to be open to others points of views. Once students are able to recognize and respect these differences then and only then will they be able to provide and receive constructive feedback. In order to create a safe environment students need to feel they can ask questions, answer questions, and make statements that won’t be ridiculed. Another aspect to creating a classroom that is conducive to students asking questions is to avoid bias. For example, stereotyping is a form of bias such as in a math and science class the teacher will call on boys more often than girls as stereotypically boys have a more mathematical and scientific mindset. By doing this the teacher makes the girls feel inferior. On the other hand in a language arts class the teacher will ask girls more questions than boys, as stereotypically girls are more of the language art mindset. By doing this they make the boys feel inferior. Another bias is teachers will refrain from asking ELL or struggling students questions because they don’t want to embarrass them or make them feel singled out. However if teachers would utilize questioning strategies that direct students in the right way by using redirecting, probing, and queuing to help students be successful with their answers then those biases can be avoided. By using these techniques you are ab le to build up the confidence up in the students and this will help create an environment that is conducive to students asking and answering questions. Another example of a bias that teachers need to avoid would be avoiding asking the long-winded students to provide feedback. By avoiding asking this type of students questions you are ultimately going to make this student feel inferior to the rest of the class and that their answers are not even worthy of being called heard. These types of biases must be avoided in order to create a climate that is conducive to students asking questions. Students can learn from each other’s experiences, as they are able to share those experiences, consider each other’s perspectives, and sometimes push themselves out of their comfort zone for the sake of learning. By allowing students to express their thoughts and ideas, they will learn to build relationships and practice collaboration, they will learn to respect others opinions even if they are different from their own. Students need to be given a chance to problem solve through conversation and collaboration. It's so much better when ideas and solutions come from the student. These are all things that happen in a

CIS206 Review Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS206 Review Assignment - Essay Example 2. What are two ways you can execute a shell script when you do not have execute permission for the file containing the script? Can you execute a shell script if you do not have read permission for the file containing the script? There is need to pass the name of the file that has the script as an argument to that shell. For instance, bash scriptfile in which case, the scriptfile is the name of that file contain the script. When working with bash the following commands are applicable. First, there is scriptfile. Then there is source scriptfile. You cannot execute a shell script in case you do not have permission for reading the file that contains the script. The cause of this is the need to read the commands that are in the file by the shell. The resultant working directory will be biblios i.e. /home/zach/grants/biblios. When the command pwd is, it shows the path to the current working directory (Soyinka, 2012). c will only locate the directory in use when it uses CDPATH to search the directories indicated. The latter happens only when you do not specify the current directory in the CDPATH, but the CDPATH

Bribery and Corruption in relation to International Business Research Paper

Bribery and Corruption in relation to International Business - Research Paper Example This is because bribery and corruption imposes large costs on conducting business, misallocates a nation’s resource, undermines the efficiency of a market and it also distorts competition. Bribery encourages unethical practices, erodes the public trust on their leaders, undermines significant development projects and slows down the economic growth of developing nations (Tanzi 20). Bribery becomes defined as the practice of giving something, usually money, to influence an individual in the execution of his/ her duties. Bribes are not only in the form of money, but also other advantages such as offering to pay for someone his/ her travel costs. Bribery also involves a business firm from one country giving financial or non financial benefits to officials or executives of other countries to gain a commercial benefit. Corruption, on the other hand it gets defined as the use of the public office for personal gain (Montagnon 13). The ever increasing growth in investment and the inter national trade in a number of the past decades have become accompanied by an increase in corruption and bribery. According to the World Bank, it has become estimated that nearly 5 percent of exports to the developing nations goes to the corrupt officials. It gets shown that nearly over a trillion dollars get paid as bribes each year (Cohen 24). Bribery is costly to the nations where it is prevalent. According to surveys done, money lost to bribery and corruption is the biggest potential source of funding available to a number of new democratic governments aside from direct foreign investment. Tackling the issue of bribery can lead to an increase in the national income and stimulate the economic growth, which in turn will lead to improvements in the quality of life. A reason for the rapid growth in corruption in the global market is due to the privatization of public enterprises globally. This has become accelerated by governments and the western creditors, and executed in a way that allows the multinational companies operate with impunity. These multinationals get supported by their governments and their respective agencies that give them room to participate in the practices at a vast scale. Most governments and the donor agencies like the International Monetary Fund create anti poverty and proper governance agendas, but what they do send different messages about where their priorities lay. Stern action against corruption and bribery has to include sanctions by developing countries against these multinationals that engage in these mal practices. Effective political transparency to disengage the room under which corruption exists (Montagnon 33). To these multinationals, bribery and corruption ensures they get contracts which they could not have succeeded in getting, or to do so in clear terms. Annually, these multinationals pay large sums of money in bribes to get a friend and to influence contracts. These bribes become estimated to be 80 billion US dollars (Co ok 26). This is the same amount UN estimates to be able to eradicate poverty in developing countries. The US Commerce Department provided the report that in the 5years preceding 1999 bribery was a serious issue in commercial contracts that were worth US $145 billion. In the 1996 issue of the magazine World Business, it got reported that bribes amounting to $ 3 billion got paid by the German companies. The French secret service report showed that nearly $2

Cis 331 discussion wwek 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cis 331 discussion wwek 2 - Essay Example This week I would like you to choose a problem (make it simple) and discuss how you would go through the problem solving process to solve this problem. Be sure to discuss whether you would use convergent or divergent thinking. In the IT world we come up against the outsourcing problem on a regular basis.   For me it happened when we had some network security hardware that was coming to the end of its life and we had to decide whether to replace the existing hardware or to outsource the function that the security hardware was performing.   For us, this was more of a convergent discussion than a divergent discussion.   We could have brainstormed different ways to accomplish the security function that the hardware was providing but we didnt have the resources to implement any of the ideas that would have been discussed.   With that out of the way, we decided to work towards finding a solution. After discussing the problem,  we thought it would really come down to a financial decision of whether or not outsourcing the function was more cost effective than purchasing new hardware.   The first step in the process was to gather the facts.   We got quotes for the new hardware and defined what the resource costs were to implement and maintain that hardware.   Then we obtained a list of vendors that provided outsourcing solutions.   We documented everything that we use the current solution for and identified a list of requirements that would be used to evaluate each vendor.   For those vendors that met the list of requirements, we obtained quotes for what it would cost to outsource the security function. Once we had the tangible costs identified  someone suggested that we then make a list of the intangible costs related to both keeping the security function in house vs. outsourcing.   That is one area that I think sometimes gets overlooked in these types of problem solving initiatives.   Because so much focus is put on hard and fast

Muslim Response to the Crusades

Muslim Response to the Crusades Why did it take so long to develop a  concerted Muslim response to the Crusades? TABLE OF CONTENTS (JUMP TO) Introduction Islamic Expansion and Rule Growing Discontent in the West The Crusades Conclusion Bibliography Introduction In terms of history, the actual start and reasons for the Crusades varies slightly based upon the sources being accessed as well as the point of view from which this recalling of history is based. In understanding the Crusades it is necessary to be aware that the term is broad in that it encompasses pagan Slavs, Mongols, political enemies of the Pope, Cathars, Hussites, and other groups in addition to Muslims (Riley-Smith, 1999, pp. 231-232). For the purpose of the subject of this study, which asks the question as to â€Å"Why did it take so long to develop a concerted Muslim response to the Crusades†, the Muslims will of course represent the focus. In order to set as well as understand the context, the Muslim presence in the Holy Land started with the conquest of Palestine by the Arabs during the seventh century (Boas, 2001. p. 41). For clarity, the Holy Land is referred to as a region in Palestine where the most significant Biblical events took place, with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ being the most noteworthy (Dubois and Brandt, 1956, p. 35). The Crusades are commonly thought of as a call to rescue Palestine from Moslem hands (Dubois and Brandt, 1956, p. 35), however this study will bring forth information that reveals that while the foregoing is true, it is not entirely accurate. The first effort by the West to accomplish the preceding did not occur until 1095, when Pope Urban 11 assembled a meeting of churchmen in Clemont, France as a response to messages from Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus for help (Somerville and Kuttner, 1996, p. 156) ¡. The preceding indicates that three centuries passed before the Western worl d began the marshalling of a response to the Arab conquest of Palestine. The obvious question, and one that is the purpose of this study, is what transpired during three centuries that did not prompt a Crusade response? This study shall seek to look at the events before that occupation to have a grasp of the situation in the region that preceded the Arab conquest, along with the political events for that time period as well as after. The foregoing shall be looked at to ascertain what transpired that could cause such a delay in responding to the Muslims. In understanding the religious significance of Palestine one needs to be cognizant that it was the birth place of many important prophets, such as Abraham, Lot, Solomon, Moses, and Jesus Christ (Huntington, 1911, pp. 15 – 17). The first known, or recorded inhabitants of Palestine were known as Canaanites, who were believed to have occupied the region around 300 BC (Paton, 1901, p. 98). Egypt and its Pharaohs next controlled the area through conquest for the next millennium, which successively changed to being controlled by the Hebrews from Mesopotamia, and then the Philistines, who called the country Philistia, from where it obtained its modern name (Paton, 1901, p. 189). The Philistines controlled the Canaanite town named Jerusalem and vast areas, but not the entire country, a feat they finally accomplished around 1050 BC when they defeated the Israelites (Paton, 1901, p. 201). The quest for control of the Holy Land was far from over as the Prophet Dawood, who was Israel†™s King, managed to defeat the Philistines in 995 BC, with the three different groups, the Canaanites, the Philistines, and the Israelites who all eventually assimilated over decades of living among each other (Morgan, 1958, p. 344). The foregoing unity that was established by the Hebrew tribes that called themselves the Israelites enabled them to unify the land, and establish a capital at Jerusalem (Morgan, 1958, p. 356). The religious significance â€Å"†¦for the Jews, the Christians and the Moslems †¦Ã¢â‚¬  marks the violent history of Palestine, which all these groups claimed as their Holy Land, thus setting the context for the Crusades (Popper, 1938, p. 7). Palestine continued to suffer a secession of conquests, first by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, then by the Romans who entered Jerusalem in 4 BC (Gabriel, 2003, pp. 24-36). The Roman emperor Constantine reversed the long standing persecution of Christians by the Roman Empire and legalized the religion in 313 AD thus making the Holy Land the center of pilgrimages (Pohlsander, 2004, pp. 27-35). The Byzantine rule has harsh on Jews, who could not enter Jerusalem as well as persecuting Christians that did not follow their chosen sect (Vasiliev and Ragozin, 1928, p. 271). Menashi (2004) tells us that when the Muslims conquered Palestine in the seventh century, with that event ending centuries of colonial rule by the Romans as well as religious persecution and instability. Muslim rule brought a period of safety, peace and security to a population that had suffered through many different persecutions (Menashi, 2004). Kedourie (1992, p. 12) in confirming the preceding states â€Å"Arab Muslim rulers . . . transformed an unsophisticated tribal polity into one of the most sophisticated and durable kinds of rule, that of oriental despotism, the methods and traditions of which have survived in the Muslim world to the present day†. The Muslim conquest of Palestine started a 1300-year reign that continues to this day, with the exception of the period of the Crusades. The preceding historical journey concerning the history of Palestine was conducted to provide an over view of the country and its series of conquests as well as the multi cultural religious connotations attached to Jerusalem to aid in the understanding of the region. Islamic Expansion and Rule To understand the Crusades, one must be aware of the history of Islamic rule and conquest that led to the occupation of Jerusalem. Islamic expansion started with the Prophet Mohammad that was viewed in the West as aggression, but in Islam the spread of the religion by means of war represented eliminating â€Å"†¦injustice and oppression of humanity† (understanding-islam.com, 2008). Kelsay and Johnson (1991, p. 37) tell us â€Å"The Islamic conception of legitimate war (Jihad) once it is systematically developed, is specifically tied to the idea of the unity of the Islamic state against all other non-Islamic states and the legitimacy of the caliph or imam as the single ruler of this Islamic state†. A Jihad represents an Islamic â€Å"†¦ holy war or spiritual struggle against infidels† (answers.com, 2009) with infidels defined as â€Å"†¦ an unbeliever with respect to a particular religion† (Merriam-Webster Online, 2009). The unifying efforts of Islam represented its expansion to reclaim lands occupied by infidels, which the West saw as expansionism when in fact the Muslims were taking back territory lost to Greek and Roman conquests. The Islamic culture under and after the Prophet Mohammad quickly spread from what is now known as Saudi Arabia, which in 618 BC included the Jews as allies in taking back the Middle East Region from the Byzantine Empire (Diehl and Ives, 1925, p. 121). When the Arabs captured Jerusalem, the Holy Land, they slaughtered the Christians and allowed the Jews back in (Diehl and Ives, 1925, p. 123). However, this was an Islamic city, and although the Jews were allowed to live there, which was forbidden ender Byzantine rule; they were still discriminated against severely as well as being highly regulated in property ownership, and worship (Diehl and Ives, 1925, p. 123). Christians under Muslim rule were treated as second-class citizens, and were required to worship in specific lo cations, and limited in areas they could travel (Diehl and Ives, 1925, p. 1293). The Islamic Jihad, and the successes of the Muslim armies in winning back land came at the expense of the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire. The foregoing irked the West, but it was the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1009 by Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah that set events in motion for the beginning formation of the Crusades (Pohlsander, 2004, p. 54). The preceding was a slow building event as the church as rebuilt by his successor, for which he was paid huge sums to enable this to be done. After the church was finished in 1043, pilgrimages were again allowed into the Holy Land, thus easing tensions, but with this came events whereby those coming to visit the new church were sometimes captured, along with members of the clergy at times being killed (Pohlsander, 2004, p. 65). Economics resulted in sanity as the Muslims came to understand that a good percentage of the wealth pouring into Jerusalem came primarily from Christians making pilgrimages, thus prompting them to stop persecutions, however this proved to be too little too late as the reputation had spread (Pohlsander, 2004, p. 65). The Arab conquests in reclaiming land lost to the West continued throughout this period, causing the Byzantine Empire to shrink under the waves of attacks from Muslims (Baynes, 1926, pp. 33.34). The Seljuk Turks inflicted most of the damage, and they had been recruited by the Arabs as mercenaries to strengthen the weakened power of the Caliph (Yale, 1958, p. 10). Their tactics closely resembled those as used by the Huns, however their methods were intensified as a result of their zeal for the Islamic religion (Yale, 1958, p. 10). The Seljuk Turks quickly become the masters of both Eastern as well as Central Asia Minor â€Å"†¦where they organized a Moslem Turkish st ate which marked the beginning of the extension of Islamic culture to the northern part of the Near East† (Yale, 1958, p. 12). â€Å"Threatened by the expansion of Turkish Moslem power to the west, the Byzantine Emperor †¦ appealed to Pope Urban II in 1094 for military aid from the West against the †¦ Turks† (Yale, 1958, p. 12). Growing Discontent in the West The weaknesses in the Byzantine Empire, and among the Islamic Caliphs, saw the Seljuk Turks increase in strength as well as control and power, with their brutal tactics causing concern throughout the region (Yale, 1958, p. 12). During this time, conditions in Europe changed as bankers and merchants sought to expand their economic horizons to Asia Minor (Yale, 1958, p. 12). The preceding view was brought forth by the lessening monetary opportunities in Europe where the economic foundations remained as basically a feudal system (Yale, 1958, p. 12). The foundation of power and wealth meant that the agriculture production was very limited, falling short of what was needed to supply the increasingly larger cities and towns, whose industry as well as commerce were not developed to any degree (Yale, 1958, p. 12). The economics of the times fed political unrest, along with social discontent â€Å"†¦among the nobles, the peasants, and the townsmen† (Yale, 1958, p. 12). The combina tion of economic limitations and the growing political climate forged an atmosphere whereby the â€Å"†¦psychological forces, aroused by the rivalry between Mohammedanism and Christianity, supplied the emotional and ideological drive for the Crusades† (Yale, 1958, p. 12). The message of Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus to Pope Urban 11 in 1095 asking for help for his crumbling empire in 1095 resulted in the start of the Crusades (Somerville and Kuttner, 1996, p. 156). The message of appeal was answered resoundingly, thus marking the beginning of the Crusades which was not a call to arms to regain the Holy Land from the Arabs, who had held it for three centuries with no armed response from the West, but rather as a defensive war to halt the incursions of the Arabs that were crumbling the remains of the Byzantine Empire (Madden, 2002). The foundation for the preceding rested in the Arab mission (Jihad) to reclaim their lands, with the inner workings of their empire being peaceful, successful, and enlightened (Madden, 2002) The brutal start of their Jihad softened internally, thus rule inside the recaptured territories was peaceful. But, as Madden (2002) advises, â€Å"While Muslims can be peaceful, Islam was born in war and grew the same way†, with the Islamic expansion fueled by the sword. There is an interesting as well as important understanding concerning Islam that explains the foregoing seeming contrasts. â€Å"Muslim thought divides the world into two spheres, the Abode of Islam and the Abode of War† (Madden, 2002). Thus, Jews and Christians â€Å"†¦can be tolerated within a Muslim state under Muslim rule†, however under traditional Islam â€Å"Christian and Jewish states must be destroyed and their lands conquered† (Madden, 2002). Thus, the regaining of the Holy Land was not enough, and this fueled the response from to Pope Urban 11 in 1095. The Crusades The success of the Islamic conquests, as opposed to their capturing the Holy Lands, looms as the reason for Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus’ plea to Pope Urban 11. While the response to the call to arms was tremendous, the mounting of any actual response represented another matter. Conducting a crusade was not an inexpensive manner. It called for armor, swords, provisions, men, horses and leaders, commodities that could not be marshaled overnight. The idea of standing armies, which is a modern day concept, did not exist then. The feudal system that was in place at the time consisted of the King, who owned all of the land and parceled out segments to his supporters who pledged their loyalty to him (Lamonte, 1949, p. 119). This left the nobles, barons as well as bishops who in return for their holdings provided the king with a determined number of knights and money, advice and locations to stay while traveling (Lamonte, 1949, p. 119). A further division in this system provide d for the lords who in return for the king’s favour provided a knight to the king, and were supplied manors to oversee their parcels of land that were divided among villeins who worked the land for the lord, as well as serfs who had no possessions and simply worked to survive (Lamonte, 1949, p. 119). The preceding provides the basic structure of the feudal system that in essence rested on the villeins and serfs to derive wealth from the land to support the lord, and noblemen, who all in turn contributed to the king (Lamonte, 1949, p. 119). In order to raise an army, the nobles and lords had to marshal their own resources, along with the king, and contribute their own personal wealth to the venture, a sizeable undertaking. The Crusades were not a campaign whereby the Kings and nobles would receive wealth from participating, although there was wealth to be had, it represented a war to stem the tide of Islamic advance, with the Holy Lands as the eventual prize. Historically, the preceding holds up under scrutiny, as few kings and or nobles profited from the Crusades (Strayer, 1955, p. 160). Thus, after the decision come to the aid of Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus, the first Crusade began in 1095 (Chazan, 1996, p. 107). This first Crusade was ill fated as the Western army was no t prepared and employed a poorly equipped, organised and led rabble of men that was headed by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless (Chazan, 1996, pp. 18-21). The second army was organised and successfully captured Jerusalem in 1999, with different armies departing from different locales, owing to the manner in which the indicated feudal system works, and the difficulties in massing a concerned army and staging points as is the case in modern warfare (Chazan, 1996, p. 67-69). Conclusion This study has set out to examine the various factors involved with the Crusades, delving deeper than traditional historical accounts to uncover the factors involved. In equating as to why the response to the Muslim takeover of the Holy Lands took so long, there are two parts to that query. One is represented by the three centuries from the Muslim conquest of the Holy Land in the 7th century, to Pope Urban II plea from the Byzantine Emperor, with the other represented by the time it took to marshal forces under the feudal system to mount campaigns. The traditional view that most individuals have of the Crusades differs from the historical account shown herein, with the noteworthy fact that the Holy land represented and still does represent an important religious site for Arabs, Jews and Christians. The fact that the conquest of the Byzantine hold on the Holy Lands by the Muslims still permitted, although it was limited, pilgrimages by Jews and Christians, the West did not engage in retaking the land. This is important as the trumpeted call to recapture the Holy Lands in 1095 was in fact in response to a crumbling empire, as opposed to retaking the city itself, which however was held out as the torch to marshal the masses. The second aspect of the Crusades, in terms of massing a response, had to do with the feudal system in place in Europe, and the complexities in organizing troops. The event was piecemeal at first, taking three years to bring together an effective force that eventually conquered the Holy land in 1099, fully five years after the Byzantine plea. Evidence of the futility of efforts is presented by the following account of the siege at Damascus in 1148 where Forey (1984) counters the claim that there was a payment made to end the siege, thus resulting in its failure. He states that military failure represented the cause (Forey, 1984). The importance of the preceding is that the siege at Damascus represented a significant event in that the massive collection of men, estimated as 50,000, that participated in a four day siege in 1148 concluded in a decisive defeat that effectively ended the Second Crusade (Gabrieli, 1989, p. 56-59). Hillenbrand (1999, p. xlviii) tells us that the popular ver sions of the Crusades indicated Muslim victories occurred as a result of superior armies pitted against much smaller Crusader forces that had been further weakened by disease, or some other woe. He adds that almost all Muslim accomplishments are dismissed, demeaned, and or suppressed (Hillenbrand, 1999, p. xlviii). In providing evidence for his analysis, Hillenbrand (1999, p. xlviii) tells us about the 1260 Muslim victory at Ain Jalut 1999, p. xlviii), ‘On 19 February 1258: the Mongols sacked Baghdad and killed the Abbasid Caliph, and on 3 September 1260, at the Battle of Ayn Jalut, the Mamluks defeated a depleted Mongol army.’ The point being raised is that in many instances, if not most, our vision and understanding of the Crusades have been distorted by what we have been taught as well as romantic accounts as brought forth in movies and other media. The Arabs were a formidable foe, whose religion provided a basis for expanding their territory, and the recapture of land taken by the Greeks, and then the Romans. The limited wealth that the Holy Land generated did not make it a priority for Medieval Europe as it was for the Greeks and Romans, thus the Arab conquest in the seventh century was not viewed as a cause for a response. When the Byzantine Empire was under danger of collapse that represented a rallying point under religious reasons for the Crusades, which cannot be viewed as or called a triumph. The West’s response was slow due to their economic system and diversity under the rule of Kings, whereas the Arab world was united under their religion. In hindsight, the later proved to be the more valuable foundation. Bibliography answers.com (2009) jihad. Retrieved on 12 January 2009 from http://www.answers.com/topic/jihad Baynes, N. (1925) The Byzantine Empire. Henry Holt Publishers. New York, New York, United States Boas, A. (2001) Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape, and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule. Routledge, London, United Kingdom Chazan, R. (1996) In the Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews. Jewish Publication Society. Philadelphia, PA, United States Diehl, C., Ives. G. (1925) History of the Byzantine Empire. Princeton University Press. Princeton, N.J., United States Dubois, P., Brandt, W. (1956. The Recovery of the Holy Land. Columbia University Press. New York, New York, United States Forey, A. (1984) The failure of the siege at Damascus 1148. Vol. 10. Journal of Medieval History Gabriel, R. (2003) The Military History of Ancient Israel. Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT., United States Gabrieli, F. (1989) Arab Historians of the Crusades. Doset Press. New York, New York, United States Hillenbrand, C. (1999) The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh, United Kingdom Huntington, E. (1911) Palestine and Its Transformation. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA, United States Kedourie, E. (1992) Politics in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. Oxford, United Kingdom Kelsay, J., Johnson (1991) Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions. Greenwood Press. New York, New York, United States Lamonte, J. (1949) The World of the Middle Ages: A Reorientation of Medieval History. Appleton, Century and Crofts. New York, New York, United States Madden, 2002) The Real History of the Crusades. Retrieved on 13 January 2009 from http://www.thearma.org/essays/Crusades.htm Menashi, S. (2004) Conflicts Religious and Secular. Vol. 126. Policy Review. Hoover Institution Merriam-Webster Online (2009) infidel. Retrieved on 12 January 2009 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infidel Morgan, K. (1958) Islam- The Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims. Ronald Press. New York, New York, United States Paton, L. (1901) The Early History of Syria and Palestine. Charles Scribner and Sons. New York, New York, United States Pohlsander, H. (2004) The Emperor Constantine. Routledge. London, United Kingdom Popper, D. (1938) The Puzzle of Palestine. Foreign Policy Association. New York, New York, United States Riley-Smith, J. (1999) The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford University. London, United Kingdom Somerville, R., Kuttner, S. (1996) Pope Urban II, the Collectio Britannica and the Council of Melfi (1089). Clarendon Press, London, United Kingdom. understanding-islam.com (2008) The Initial Spread of Islam and the Law of Jihad. Retrieved on 11 January 2009 from http://www.understanding-islam.com/ri/mi-093.htm Vasiliev, A., Ragozin, S. (1928) History of the Byzantine Empire: From Constantine the Great to the Epoch of the Crusades Vol. 1. University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI, United States Yale, W. (1958) The Near East: A Modern History. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor Michigan, United States

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

Acid Rain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acid rain forms when sulfur and nitrogen dioxides combine with moisture in the atmosphere to produce rain, snow, or another kind of precipitation. This kind of pollution may also be suspended in fog or deposited in a dry form. Acid rain is most common in North America and Europe. Acid rain has also been detected in other areas of the world such as tropical rain forests of Africa. Canada has placed limitations on the sulfur emissions. The United States has not, so the emissions may still drift into Canada.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The acid rain cycle begins with hundreds of power plants burning millions of tons of coal. Burning coal produces electricity for us. Coal is made of carbon, but the coal that we mine is not pure carbon. It is mixed with other minerals. Two of these are sulfur and nitrogen. Then the coal is burned some of the sulfur changes into sulfur dioxide and nitrogen changes into nitrogen oxide. These escape in to the air as poisonous gases. Some smokestacks release chemicals like mercury, arsenic, and aluminum. Some of these minerals are changed in to gases and others become tiny specks of ash. As these chemicals drift, they may change again. They may react with other chemicals in the air. When sulfur dioxide combines with water, the result is sulfuric acid. When nitrogen oxide gas combines with water, the result is also another acid. When the clouds releases rain or other precipitation, the acid goes with it. This is called acid rain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The level of acid is measured in pH levels. The pH scale begins at 0 and ends with 14. A reading lower than 7 is called acidic, and a reading higher than 7 is called basic. Seven is neutral. Normal rain is slightly acidic with a pH level of about 6.5. Rain with a pH of 5.5 is then times more acidic than normal rain and rain with pH of 4.5 is a hundred times more acidic than normal rain. In parts of the country, rain with pH levels of 4.5 to 5.0 is common.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An English scientist named Robert Angus Smith discovered acid rain in 1872, but no other scientist continued this study. Then in 1961 the Sweden wanted to know why the fish in their lakes were dying. Svante Odà ©n discovered that the reason was acid rain. After Odà ©n's discovery, other scientist began to study acid rain too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acid rain has destroyed plant and animal life in lakes, damaged forests

Importance of Marketing

An explanation of the importance of marketing to your selected organization’s success Marketing is a very important aspect in business since it contributes greatly to the success of the organization. Production and distribution depend largely on marketing. These two concepts are different in many aspects. Marketing covers advertising, promotions, public relations, and sales. It is the process of introducing and promoting the product or service into the market and encourages sales from the buying public. The goal of marketing is to make our product, Mango Power widely known and recognized to the market, marketers must be creative in their marketing activities. In this competitive nature of many businesses, getting Mango Power noticed is not that easy. Strategically, Pepsico must be centered on the customers more than the Mango Power products. Although good and quality products are also essential, the buying public still has their personal preferences. We will need to target more of their needs, they will come back again and again and even bring along recruits. If we push more on the product and disregard their wants and the benefits they can get, we will lose our customers in no time. The hardest part is getting them back. The only means to be made known is to advertise and promote. Pepsico may be spending on the advertising and promotional programs but the important thing is that Mango Power and Pepsico information is disseminated to the buying public. Offline and online marketing make it possible for the people to be educated with the various products and services that they can take advantage of. Pepsico must invest in marketing so as not to miss the opportunity of being discovered. If expense is to be considered, there are cost-effective marketing techniques Pepsico can embark on such as pay-per-click ads and blogging. Marketing helps boost sales and revenue growth. It will generate sales once the public learns about your Mango Power through TV advertisements, radio commercials, newspaper ads, online ads, and other forms of marketing. The more people hear and see more of our advertisements, the more they will be interested to buy. Pepsico aims to increase the sales percentage and double the production, the marketing department must be able to come up with effective and strategic marketing plans. Pepsico and Mango Power must have the ability to conquer the general market, marketers aim to create a brand name recognition or product recall. This is a technique for the consumers to easily associate the brand name with the images, logo, or caption that they hear and see in the advertisements. For example, McDonalds is known for its arch design which attracts people and identifies the image as McDonalds. For some companies, building a reputation to the public may take time but there are those who easily attract the people. With an established name in the industry, a business continues to grow and expand because more and more customers will purchase the products or take advantage of the services from a reputable company. In conclusion, marketing plays a very essential role in the success of a company. It educates people on the latest market trends, helps boost a company’s sales and profit, and develops company reputation. But marketers must be creative and wise enough to promote their products with the proper marketing tactics. Although marketing is important, if it is not conducted and researched well, the company might just be wasting on expenses and time on a failed marketing approach. References: Exforsys Inc. ,Published on: 6th Nov 2009 Last Updated on: 4th Jan 2011 PEPSICO 2010 Full Annual Report Importance of Marketing An explanation of the importance of marketing to your selected organization’s success Marketing is a very important aspect in business since it contributes greatly to the success of the organization. Production and distribution depend largely on marketing. These two concepts are different in many aspects. Marketing covers advertising, promotions, public relations, and sales. It is the process of introducing and promoting the product or service into the market and encourages sales from the buying public. The goal of marketing is to make our product, Mango Power widely known and recognized to the market, marketers must be creative in their marketing activities. In this competitive nature of many businesses, getting Mango Power noticed is not that easy. Strategically, Pepsico must be centered on the customers more than the Mango Power products. Although good and quality products are also essential, the buying public still has their personal preferences. We will need to target more of their needs, they will come back again and again and even bring along recruits. If we push more on the product and disregard their wants and the benefits they can get, we will lose our customers in no time. The hardest part is getting them back. The only means to be made known is to advertise and promote. Pepsico may be spending on the advertising and promotional programs but the important thing is that Mango Power and Pepsico information is disseminated to the buying public. Offline and online marketing make it possible for the people to be educated with the various products and services that they can take advantage of. Pepsico must invest in marketing so as not to miss the opportunity of being discovered. If expense is to be considered, there are cost-effective marketing techniques Pepsico can embark on such as pay-per-click ads and blogging. Marketing helps boost sales and revenue growth. It will generate sales once the public learns about your Mango Power through TV advertisements, radio commercials, newspaper ads, online ads, and other forms of marketing. The more people hear and see more of our advertisements, the more they will be interested to buy. Pepsico aims to increase the sales percentage and double the production, the marketing department must be able to come up with effective and strategic marketing plans. Pepsico and Mango Power must have the ability to conquer the general market, marketers aim to create a brand name recognition or product recall. This is a technique for the consumers to easily associate the brand name with the images, logo, or caption that they hear and see in the advertisements. For example, McDonalds is known for its arch design which attracts people and identifies the image as McDonalds. For some companies, building a reputation to the public may take time but there are those who easily attract the people. With an established name in the industry, a business continues to grow and expand because more and more customers will purchase the products or take advantage of the services from a reputable company. In conclusion, marketing plays a very essential role in the success of a company. It educates people on the latest market trends, helps boost a company’s sales and profit, and develops company reputation. But marketers must be creative and wise enough to promote their products with the proper marketing tactics. Although marketing is important, if it is not conducted and researched well, the company might just be wasting on expenses and time on a failed marketing approach. References: Exforsys Inc. ,Published on: 6th Nov 2009 Last Updated on: 4th Jan 2011 PEPSICO 2010 Full Annual Report

Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayEssay Writing Service

Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayEssay Writing Service Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essay Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayTranslation equivalence is an important concept of translation theory. It is one of the main principles of Western theory of translation. Finding translation equivalents is one of the core problems of the translation process. As Catford states, the central problem of translation-practice is that of finding TL equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence. (Catford, 1965, p. 21). Starting from the middle of the twentieth century a lot of prominent theorists who work in the field of translation theory include the concept of equivalence in their theorizing and research. The concept of equivalence was used to distinguish the difference between free and literal translation. Roman Jacobson became the first who used this term in his work published in 1959. Later a lot of specialists used this term in their works and made a lot of attempts to distinguish t he concept of equivalence. Such prominent specialists as Vinay and Darbelet Jakobson, Nida, Catford, House and Baker used the concept of equivalence in their studies. All of them regarded this concept in relation to the translation theory. Translation is a complex process which can be regarded from several perspectives. Some specialists view translation as a merely linguistic process where notions from one language are translation into another one. This group of specialists regards equivalence as literal translating each word and notion. At the same time other specialists state that cultural context is very important for the translation because only the use of the context can help to pass real meaning of the text. In their opinion, equivalence in translation should deal with passing the meaning of the text. These scholars present semantic or functional approach to translation. The third group of specialists take   middle position and state that equivalence is used for the convenie nce of translators. Bakers who shares this approach states that equivalence is used â€Å"for the sake of convenience- because most translators are used to it rather than because it has any theoretical status† (Kenny, 1998, p.77).  Despite different attitudes to the concept of equivalence, most of the specialists pay much attention to its meaning in the theory of translation. Importance of Equivalence in Translation Theory:It is important to understand the meaning of the term equivalence.   In English language it may be used as a technical term, which describes scientific notions. For example, term equivalence is used in mathematics, At the same time term equality may be used in common sense   in everyday language. In the theory of translation the term equivalence is used in its general meaning because it is hard to find absolutely identical words and notions in different languages. Different languages have different phonetic, grammar, syntax and vocabulary structures. That is why we can speak only about certain degree of equivalence when we make translation. So, in our case we use term equivalence in the meaning of similarity or approximation and it shows the level of likeness between the source and the target text. This likeness may be achieved on different levels.Translation is a form of communication and that is the reason it is so important to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text. Nida defines translation as reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida, 1982, p. 12). It is evident that equivalence is one of basic concepts of translation which can not be neglected.The View of Different Specialists of Equivalence in Translation:Roman Jacobson made a valuable contribution to the development of translation theory. He introduced the concept of   â€Å"equivalence in difference† which had an im portant meaning for the further development of the translation theory. Roman Jacobson distinguished three kinds of translation, which included: intralingual (dealing with one language) interlingual (dealing with two languages)-intersemiotic (dealing with sign systems).According to Jacobson, translator searches for synonyms when making intralingual translation in order to pass the message. This means that intralingual translation does not imply full equivalence between language units. According to Jakobson: â€Å"translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes† (Jakobson, 1959, p. 233). This means that the task of translator becomes to reach equality in messages despite different grammatical, lexical and semantic structures of ST and TT. Despite difference in grammar and lexical structures translation becomes possible through finding necessary equivalents. As he states: â€Å"whenever there is deficiency, terminology may be qualified and amplified by loanw ords or loan-translations, neologisms or semantic shifts, and finally, by circumlocutions† (ibid. p.234). Jakobson uses different examples to illustrate his concept. He compares different language structures from English and Russian languages and illustrates cases where it is not possible to find a literal equivalent to the ST unite. In these cases translator should choose the most suitable way to translate the text trying to reach the most possible equivalence.Same as Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson states that linguistic approach does not suit for the need of the translation theory. He stresses on the limitations of linguistic theory and point out different methods which help to make the equivalence in translation the same. Jakobson counts on semiotic approach where translator should extract the message from the source language and then choose the most appropriate means to pass it to the target language.Later scholars continued the study of translation theory and developed the ir own understanding of equivalence. Nida and Tiber distinguished two types of equivalence – formal equivalence (correspondence ) and dynamic equivalence.   Dynamic equivalence is based on the equivalent effect, while formal equivalence is focused on the message itself. As they state â€Å"Typically, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard† (Nida and Taber, 1982, p. 201).  Despite the detailed study of both types of equivalence, Nida gives preference to the dynamic equivalence, because it gives more opportunities for the translators and proves to be more effective during the translation procedure. Nida showed other specialists the way and let them distance from the word-to-word translation and make a translation process more dynamic and more reader-oriented.Catford is another scholar who dedicated much effort t o the study of translation theory. His concept of translation equivalence differs from the concept presented by Nida and Taber. Catford’s approach is based on the linguistic approach. Catford expanded translation theory and added new criteria, such as the extent of translation, the grammatical rank and the levels of language involved in the translation. According to Catford, grammatical rank establishes translation equivalence.  Catford’s theory of translation was criticized by many scholars. Snell-Hornby became one of the most active critics of Catford’s ideas. She called equivalence in translation to be an illusion and didn’t believe that translation could be regarded as a merely linguistic process. The notion of equivalence was changed and developed with the flow of time. Baker’s ideas gave new vision of the problem. She explores the notion of equivalence on different levels and applies it to the translation process. She combines linguistic an d communicative approaches in order to make translation process more effective. Baker distinguishes equivalence at the level of the word, at the   grammatical level, and at the level of the text . Pragmatic equivalence deals with the purpose of communication and also makes an important contribution to the translation process. All these levels are important for the translator and should be taken into consideration during the translation process because only their combination can result in the qualified translation.Peter Newmark   is another specialist whose ideas had   great impact on the development of translation theory. He steps away from Nida’s ideas of recipient-oriented translation and changes the vision of equivalence in translation. Newmark   develops ideas of communicative and semantic translation in contrast to literal translation.   Not leaving ideas of equivalence and literal translation, Newmark gives preference to semantic and communicative translation. According to Newmark,   translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. (Newmark, 1988,   p. 5). His views had great influence on many other specialists who studied his works and used his approach.Equivalence in Translation: Pros and Contras:Translation is a complex phenomenon which is hard to define. It helps to pass the meaning and form from one language to another and very often equivalence becomes that measure which helps to define the success of this process. A lot of specialists stress on the important role of the equivalence for the translation. Marry Snell-Hornby even states that different definitions of translation process may be regarded as different variants of equivalence description. It is hard to overestimate the role of equivalence in translation. Translation is a bridge which helps to link people who do not understand each other. Translation enables communication between people.   This way equi valence becomes the measure of success of translation process. The more equivalent the source and the target text are, the better communication goals will be achieved.Many scholars and researchers stress on the important role of equivalence in the translation process. At the same time some specialists stress that desire to achieve maximum equivalence may create certain limitations and restrictions. Thus, equivalence may result in extreme concentration on form and structure and thus may cause the loss of sense and message of the text. Specialists who share this opinion center rather on the message of the text and do everything possible to pass it to the recipient even if it may cause the reduction to equivalence level. Equivalence is often used by the specialists who count on linguistic approach to the process of translation. These specialists try to achieve maximum linguistic, grammar and structural equivalence. Their opponents center on the sense and meaning rather than on the form and, thus, do not give too important role to the equivalence or value the equivalence in meaning rather than in its form.ConclusionsEquivalence is a complex term which describes phenomena from different spheres of human knowledge. In the field of translation it first appeared in the middle of the last century and since then has become an important indicator of the translation process. Most translation theorists and researchers pay attention to the equivalence in translation, despite the fact that their opinions on this phenomenon may differ. Some specialists believe that the equivalence may be regarded as a synonym of the translation process, others believe that the equivalence should not cause the loss of main message of the text. Despite different approaches, the equivalence is an important notion in the translation process and it helps to approach the meaning and value of the translation process in general.

Internet and Democracy in US

Internet and Democracy in US The rise of the United States as a world superpower has led to the global interest in how she conducts most of her activities. Her large population has also been on the watch out due to criticism on the U.S for involving herself in international affairs some of which have been disadvantageous to the nation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet and Democracy in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been mixed reactions by the citizens to such conflicting issues that have combined with the notion of color, thus giving rise to two main opposing camps. The fate of a political candidate would then be judged by his or her position on these contentious issues. Traditionally, the way by which a candidate could reach the public to sell his or her policies was through public campaign forums, where a candidate would schedule to visit a state and address the public concerning his or her presidential ambitio ns. However, those who could not attend personally would be forced to follow the speech through electronic media like radio and television. One disadvantage of this is that, the audience, especially those that were miles away, would not find it easy to comment on the policies sold, neither would they be able to show their position on the candidate. The latter is usually a significant factor in campaign and politics in that, the more fame a candidate gains the more supporters he/she will continue to obtain (Some people do not make their own decision, but follow the direction to which the wind blows). Then appeared the use of Internet to sell a candidate’s policies and give various other political adverts. This was due to the increased use of modern technology in various other sectors and the need to quicken and democratize the electoral process. The introduction of internet in American political arena has had both positive and negative implications on the democratic rights of the public. As Sifry pointed out, the use of internet in America â€Å"has introduced a new age of mass participation and personal activism in which anyone can be a community organizer, message maker or fund raiser and can mobilize the others† (Para. 1). A report released by Pew Center on Internet and American Life showed that about 25 million Americans access online information daily and can give comments and contribution to various political debates online. The flooding of the information sites by comments from politically active citizens does not only signify a unified public voice, but it also contributes to polarized political platform and governmental standpoint.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The exercise of democracy by involving the public has been witnessed throughout the political past with its peak being observed towards the elections. A ccording to Sifry, â€Å"it started with Howard Dean in 2004 and flowered in 2008 with Barrack Obama; and now the â€Å"right roots† have mastered the new online platform, especially since the GOP lost its hold on Washington† (Para. 4). In effect, there have been various sites established, that serve the interests of political partisans in different ways. instance, there are sites blogs that contain various pieces of information vital to the public; e-mail sites for the partisans to issue comments; SeeClickFix that enables the public to contribute to the solution of an emerging issue; and InfluenceExplorer that enables the user to see who donated what to the candidates among many other sites, all of which focuses on the access of information by the public. Moreover, in his article, Hurwitz (656) stated that â€Å"Internet activists have succeeded remarkably in making government and political information available to citizens.† Discussions Internet and democracy during campaign The use of Internet during campaign and election processes has been embraced successfully in the United States. However, the same is yet to be exercised in the United Kingdom, where there is still doubt on whether it will succeed or fail. In the United States, the use of Internet as a campaign tool helped the current president Barrack Obama to gain popularity among millions of citizens. Primarily, his campaign program was organized online and even his policies were, in several cases, sold online. In addition, the campaign team established a website, MyBO, where they could interact with the candidate’s supporters. Financial contributions by well-wishers could also be done through this site. Moreover, the campaign speeches given by Obama were available on You Tube; while he also had almost two million friends on Facebook and MySpace, as well as tens of thousands of followers on Twitter (Thornton Para. 3). Generally, Obama’s campaign over the Internet was successful especially given the fact that he was able to express himself explicitly. In such a case, internet can be seen as a tool that makes campaign as simple; thus, democracy is promoted now that the candidate can reach several people, one on one.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet and Democracy in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of internet requires a kind of mutual relationship between the user (or the public) and the program itself. Abuse by any party will always lead to a fault somewhere. It has been observed that â€Å"Technology is used by the members of the society; its diffusion and use depend on social conditions; the conditions of the society, in other words, shape technological development† (Yang 406). Yang argues that the use of Internet alone is not sufficient to ensure democracy; the social factors in the society also contribute substantially. Besides, there are si tes that a potential supporter can access in order to help finance the campaign of his or her favorite candidate. This promotes democracy now that even those with little contributions that would otherwise shy off can reach the campaign team; indeed, politics is thus not left for the giants only. Sifry (Para10) observed that the â€Å"Internet-powered politics is helping to shift America toward more open, participatory and accountable political process; big contributors have become less necessary in campaigns, giving more influence to small donors and independent organizers.† The use of political blogs like Dailykos, Big Governments, Talking points Memo on the left, and many others ensures that the public are fully politically informed. All the blogs serve the same purpose, and as Sifry states, ‘they serve partisan red meat to their readers† (Para. 5). Therefore, by accessing the political information on these sites, a potential political partisan is able to develo p an informed opinion on any political issue including whom to support. Moreover, campaigning over the internet can be hazardous especially to a defending candidate who cannot fully give a clarification on a scandal that emerged under his or her docket. Such was the agony that befell the U.K Prime Minister Gordon Brown when he could not give an explicit clarification on the expenses scandal over the You Tube. Such a candidate will be officially surrendering himself to the public who will not hesitate to take their stand. Democracy shall have been exercised here in some paradoxical sense; the public can now make a positive decision that whoever is selling the policies is not the right person for the seat in question. Nevertheless, the extensive involvement of Internet in politics can lead to its mismanagement, rendering it quite inappropriate. As Sifry (para6) pointed out, the â€Å"rapid rise of social media has generated more talking than listening, more pushing than parsing, and more fragmentation of attention than concentration; the resulting sense of information overload may cause more people to retreat from the public arena, simply because it feels too crowded and noisy.†Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The use of email sites can also be mishandled by self-centered political activists. In as much as it is usually used to criticize the opponent’s ability and previous conducts, the site can form a good platform for the activist to defile the opponent wrongly. In this case, the public who learn and believe such accusations will have no otherwise, but to join the undefiled camp. As a result, democracy shall have been interfered with in two ways. First, the voter has been influenced into rejecting a candidate on false grounds, as well as being denied a chance to make his own-judged opinion. Secondly, the defiled candidate has been denied an equal political platform, hence denying him his democratic right. How Internet promotes democracy during Elections The process of election is the most fundamental stage in ensuring democracy is exercised. The need to have the exercise conducted quickly and the counting and tallying of votes done immediately not only gives no room for rigging, but also boosts the spirits of the electorate. In most cases, delayed vote tallying and official release of the results have led to election rigging that has resulted into post-election violence witnessed in several countries in the recent past. Majority of the public, who felt they were denied their democratic rights, lost their confidence in the electoral process and vowed not to vote again. In such a case, the use of the modern technologies like the Internet would have saved the situation. Firstly, no much time is wasted during voting as compared to the traditional manual system. This encourages even the old, sick and the disabled who would find it cumbersome to stand on a long queue waiting voting. These minority groups in the society have in many cases been left out during elections and that signifies lack of democracy (Warf and Grimes 261-263). Secondly, there are those individuals who work away from their polling stations. They could also have traveled elsewhere during the pe riod of election. Such people are usually left out of the election due to their inability to access their register from where they are. The use of Internet therefore allows such people to vote from the comfort of their workplaces or wherever they could be. Finally, the votes are recorded as soon as they are cast. As such, manipulation of figures by the elections officials who probably had directions from a leader defending a seat is minimized. The results are usually available for official release some few hours from the end of the voting period. The use of Internet however poses some challenges in ensuring that the democratic rights of the public are not denied. This stems from the social-economic interrelated factors prevailing in a given societal setting that generally contributes to low level of education. Lack of enough funds and poor, outdated culture could lead to high level of illiteracy in a given community. This will contribute to a mixture of results should the system of electronic voting be introduced in such a setting. To begin with, the illiterate voter will depend entirely on the clerks and agents at the polling station for assistance. This could give room for some form of corruption as the clerks or agents could secretly direct the voter in favour of their favorite candidate. Besides, most of the illiterate and semi-illiterate suffer the inferiority complex. In certain cases, they would rather boycott the election than to go and reveal to the public, which had better expectation of them, that they are actually semi-illiterate and need assistance. This might sound odd and untrue but it is the reality underlying low voter turnout in some areas. Another less serious case occurs when even the polling clerks who have the electronic expertise are not available in a given area and have to be imported from elsewhere. In such cases, the less qualified individuals and their close associates from these areas usually have a feeling that they were denied an employment opportunity. In many cases, they try to mobilize the public to boycott the elections as they claim that justice has not been exercised. These have also been the reasons behind low voter turn out in some cases. The lower voter turnout resulting from mass participation in politics could further lead to some irregularities. A less potential candidate could probably manage to be outspoken among the competitors and ends up the winner. Even though democracy is not directly affected here, there is an indirect impact that simply emanated from the extensive use of the cyberspace (Sifry Para. 6). Conclusion The use of internet in political world can effectively promote democracy. However, this is only applicable to an extent that the legislations governing the roles of media in politics are obeyed. With the struggle to do away with poverty and low level of education, the system will be less viable to mismanagement by the corrupt individuals. Internet’s is and will be the be st measure to ensure democracy prevails in the public sphere. To achieve this, there is also need for continued innovation in the fields of Information Technology to help come up with better technologists. There is need for â€Å"a generation of civic technologists who engage the fundamental infrastructure of the Internet and standards processes in the public interests† (Clift 31). This approach would be the most efficient in ensuring that nobody is wrongly influenced. Clift, Steven. An Internet of Democracy. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43 Issue 11, p31-32. Nov2000. Minnesota USA. Hurwitz, Roger. Who Needs Politics? Who Needs People? The Ironies of Democracy in Cyberspace. Contemporary Sociology, 28.6 (1999): 655-661. Sifry, Micah. â€Å"The Internet has fueled polarization and gridlock, but it is also giving US a new tool for self-government.† Wall Street journal, Oct 30, 2010, pg C.3. New York. Web. Thornton, John. Vote with Your Finger. Public Finance. London: Apr 23-Apr 29, 2010. pg18. Web. Warf, Barney Grimes, John. â€Å"Counterhegemonic Discourses and the Internet.† Geographical Review, 87.2 (1997): 259-274. Yang, Guobin. â€Å"The Co-Evolution of the Internet and Civil Society in China.† Asian Survey, 43.3 (2003): 405-422.

History (Otto von Bismarck) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History (Otto von Bismarck) - Essay Example t on German and International politics through out his tenure and even posthumously his influence hovered around the diplomatic arena of Germany often impacting the foreign relations. Otto Von Bismarck was born on 1st April 1815 at Schà ¶nhausen, Brandenberg, Prussia. Bismarck was from an aristocratic family and both his father and mother were from noble blood. The military background of his father and the political background of his mother unified at an optimum level within Bismarck and in later period of life helped him to excel in life. Bismarck completed his schooling at the Friedrich-Wilhelm and Graues Kloster secondary schools. Thereafter he went to University of Gottingen (1832-33) to study law and later enrolled himself in University of Berlin (1833-35). Bismarck had a brief career in law and as a soldier but returned to his family estate following his mother’s death. In 1847 he married Johanna von Puttkammer and their happy married life reproduced three children, two boys and a daughter. Till his marriage there was almost no sign that this man one day will become one of the father figures of modern Germany. Rather his education and sophistication caught eyes as he was comfortable in English, German and Russian. He was also well versed in Shakespeare and Byron and used to quote them in his letters. It was in the year of his marriage that he became an elected member of newly formed Prussian legislature and owing to his conservative Lutheran background he shared an image of reactionary and royalist politician. His loyalty to the monarchy can be easily gauged from the fact that he was an open advocate of the ideology that god has entrusted the divine right to rule on the monarchy. If Bismarck’s election as a legislative member in Prussia is considered as his introduction to politics then year 1848 might be considered as the first step to famous hood. In 1848 a revolution swapped Germany and the king soon found him self to be safe only around the military

Wireless Technology Impact on SCADA Research Paper

Wireless Technology Impact on SCADA - Research Paper Example This is the dawn of the new, sophisticated SCADA. Already, new, state-of-the-art SCADA alternatives or hybrids have emerged in the market. Expect the new SCADA to be more powerful, and more secured, as more cyber-proofing options are being developed in line with the government’s drive to protect the country’s critical infrastructures. This paper will define the SCADA system, its evolution through time until today’s present generation, with all the attendant threats and vulnerabilities that accompany the open architecture of the IT system, with suggestions/recommendations on how to overcome these threats/cyber risks. Sample project analyses aim to show how an upgraded SCADA system will enable ease of operation and control. Industry disasters and mishap should serve as lessons in history. Government initiatives and regulations plus the preponderance of summits and conferences show that governments, industries and business are aware of the constant threats and vulnerabilities, the downside in today’s incredible, amazing computer and technological developments. 1. What is SCADA? SCADA (acronym for System Control and Data Acquisition) is the integrated, computerized industrial process control system used to collect real time algorithms in manufacturing plants and major pipeline industries like water and waste water facilities, electrical companies, oil and fuel transports, oil refineries, mass railways, nuclear power plants, and many more industries. ...