Civilization in China according to the Bodley Profile of Imperial Essay

Civilization in China according to the Bodley Profile of Imperial Cultures - Essay Example The Chinese civilization is described by the author as for where the domestic put in order into the ethnic group or when people systematize into empires and realm, the comparative disparity amid leaders and common herd relics invariable on a very normal level. On the other hand, the sum of authority and the importance of possessions detained by leaders of China detonate at the same time as the poor knowledge more and more immense dissimilarity. The authority of the Chinese people increases the level and also gives particulars on the superior point of stratification within additional multifaceted civilization. The author however does suggest that in Chinese civilization when the Kingdom and the inequality between the rich and the poor existed that was not right and with the intention of to make the world of evenhandedness and equal opportunity the Chinese people tried to construct optimal-scale civilization, which contained a degree of space among, deprived and wealthy. The Chinese civilization has been defined by a lot of people in a lot of different ways. Chinese evolution consisted of a hodgepodge of quite a lot of militaristic states; each one of them was faint by a king, duke, marquis, or else earl. Even though there was the main king who apprehended supposed authority, and influential control from time to time held by substantial power, every state in China was faint as a self-governing opinionated body. The Chinese civilization was at that time at the early stages of Confucian attitude in addition to that of a lot of other viewpoints that very much was predisposed Chinese way of existence or political consideration. China was one of the solitary states where the most basic middle of human civilization. China was one of the most highly developed civilizations in the human race in skill, prose, and ability, even though revolutionize was extremely slow but sure and taken at the edge off by Imperial authority.  

Social and Political Implication of Social Media Essay Example for Free

Social and Political Implication of Social Media Essay Communication is as old as humankind, it is the basis of social interactions and life blood of human societies, we can say without communication. Each individual would merely be an island isolated from all other such islands, communication in a simple sense is the process of transferring meaning in the form of ideas or information from a person called the sender to another or people called receivers. The human life depends on communication to attain their full potentials, communication is also a social necessity without it there cannot be real community or society because it is the link between individuals who constitute a community and the link between community in the formation of a larger whole-a metropolis, a province or a nation, society as a whole cannot survive today if they are not properly informed about political affairs, international and local events, all these functions are perform through a media which are the vehicles of transmitting information. In essence, when people communicate with one another, they do so by a medium, some device or process through which they convey information, these means which people use is called social media. 2 This paper will pretend a short historical back ground of social media, the development of social media will be summarized, and much attention will be on the current means of such media which has taken a paradigm shift as a result of technological advancement and modernism such as internet, home video, news paper, magazines, e. . c the social and political implications will be critically explored, for the umpteenth time we should have it in mind that social media has ethical end epistemological implication in human kind and the society, in fact some of its implication could be said to be negative while some could be describe as positive, the implication affects all aspect of human life, belief, religious and even the socio-economic status, most importantly the governance of this great country Nigeria. Social medial technologies take on many different forms including magazine, internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, microbloggind, wikis, social networks, podcast, photographs or pictures, video, rating and social bookmarking, Technologies include: blogs, picture-sharing, wall-postings, email, instant messaging, to name a few, many of these service are integrated via social network aggregation platform by applying a set of theories in the field of media research (social presence, media richness) and social processes (self-presentation, self-disclosure) Kaplan and Haenlein created a classification scheme with different types of social media, they are ;collaborative projects for example, Wikipedia, blogs and microblogs like Twitter, content communities for example, YouTube, social networking sites like Facebook, and virtual social worlds, however, the boundaries between the different types have been increasingly blurred. Social media refers to the means of interaction among people in which they create, share and exchange information and ideas in communities and network. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content,5 social media depend on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-generated content, It introduces substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities and individuals. Media is as old as human kind as said earlier, from the ancient time, history make it know that our great grand-fathers make use of gong, songs e. t. to communicate, pass information and transfer beliefs, there was paradigm shift as a result of education and civilisation, gong now change to written literatures such as news paper, then technology now help in developing telecommunication such as Television station, radio station, and the current social media, while other media such as magazine, published works also developed, today social media is the leading means and is now in various form, internet website that post information to the whole world in second such as facebook, twitter, 2go, Ebuddy and sites and blogs. 7 Social media differentiates from traditional/industrial media in many aspects such as quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy and permanence. There are many effects that stem from internet usage, according to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site 8. Social media in sum is the communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages are disseminated this includes every day broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspaper, magazine , T. V, radio, bill boards, direct mail, telephone, fax and internet, social media offers innovative opportunities for people, in a democratic society like Nigeria, social media offers innovation to political actors, political institutions and the public to interact with one another. As said from the beginning that social and political implication of social media could be ethical and epistemological, Cultivational theory expose some ethical issues is a theory that also provide justification about the implication of social media, this theory states that the media is essential with the responsibility for the way in which people view the world,9 this theory explain that media heavily impacts society by influencing the normal view of gender roles, body image and normality, the theory attributes extreme social power to the media and hold that people are taught over time to respond to situations based on what they think is the appropriate way, this theory in essence show some epistemological and ethical implication of social media on human kind, , media teaches normality through television, video, music e. t. , this theory assumed the life we live as a reflection of media ideals that have been portrayed to us since childhood for example we tend to see small children im itating and practising what they watch in movies, most ladies watch Nollywood movies on the internet to sharpen their romantic styles and learn some other necessities of life, styles of dance either good or bad example is the idea of sagging of trouser common among people all these media influences. The truth is we generate belief from media and perceived that it is normal way to live, various advertisement tell woman how to dress, cook and soon on, a recent study in University of Washington found that the amount an adolescent watches soup operas and musical videos is directly correlative with negative body image. Psychological egoism is another implication of social media, psychological egoism is the view that people act in their own interest even what seem to be acts of altruism11, owing to the fact that social media is used as a tool for some people, in a democratic setting like Nigeria, politicians and government use social media for their egoistic nature, the media publish orchestrated information to either promote image or give wrong destroy image, here we realized that the epistemic belief that most of this social media project to the world are cooked, biased and distorted, and these are registered in the mind of people in the society, no doubt also that this info sometimes reveal certain secret, recently through social media Nigerians known that the so called spokesperson of Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps, Lagos command do not know the official website of the Corps he is working for, this popular scenario is tagged my oga at the top courtesy Channels television The corollary of the above is that media circulate information, beliefs and knowledge, either acknowledge or not, to the society in a very speedy rate, the question now remains the authenticity and genuineness of this information. Social media are becoming increasingly popular among politicians and organisations as a means to disseminate political message, learn about the interest and needs of constituents and broader public, raise funds and build network support, these activities often take place is private run social networking site or stations that allow political figures and institution to communicate with the public in unmediated, society media are being used by Citizen also to connect with the public, influences decision makers and hold legislature and government to account, take the case of January 2013 subsidy removal, many people could not get to Abuja but somehow they made their opinion known to people through the website one way or the other in form of internet gossiping, example is a social site called Niaraland, people chat there, gossip, make connections either for business or another thing maybe like love affairs and so on, in essence this site through the gossips of it member evaluate the activ e the politicians or government of the country is. Since social media give anyone with internet access an opportunity to disseminate their ideas, the mainstream media sources no longer ,monopolize information channels, in turn new issues and ideas that might otherwise be ignored by the mainstream media can receive public attention, given the vary level of expertise, individual users have unequal right to full potential of social media as a publishing platform, what this implies is that social media help in exercising freedom as a component of modernism, liberalism and democracy. Another social and political implication of social media is that it enables citizen to become more effective political actors, social media remove barriers to collective action and empower citizen to influence and monitor the work of policy makers through a long distance participation, social medial also allow citizens to interact with public institutions and figures in an informal and interactive manner, through social media who are avid users of social media often discuss political issues interactively online with the opportunity to reach a large audience with criticisms of political figures and institutions, another similar social and political implication is that it provides opportunity for synthetic lobbying 12, well crafted and executed social media campaigns led by special interest groups can dominate online exchanges with political figure and institution to the point where decision makers are misled about the actual extent to which ideas are shared via these campaigns as repr esentative of a widely held point of view, such advocacy tactics are often referred to as synthetic lobbying, this occur when coordinated letter writing campaigns have long been an element of politics and the policy process and policy makers have developed mechanisms that identify online submission from the public that form part of coordinated advocacy campaigns by weeding out these particular submission whether email to representative or submitted to an online forum. The use of social media by public institution and figures may lead to surveillance state, by monitoring the information shared citizens on a special media sites, policy makers and representative can gain a better understanding of citizens interest and needs, also government can also use this to work against those they see as opposition, as reported by virtually all Nigerian Newspaper on April 25, 2013, the president of Nigeria Goodluck Ebele Jonathan GCFR, awarded a contract over forty million US Dollars to one Israeli company to monitor emails and social network communications, this is part of the implication of social media we are talking about, it implies that the freedom of the people in the society is somehow restricted, I should be aware now that my so called private email message is monitored if one way or the order I radically against the government , it could be hazardous, though this surveillances could also help in checking certain fraudulent activities like yahoo fraudste rs, organised crime and terrorism networks, and so on, but the implication of this is that the negative freedom as Isaiah Berlin postulated, that is, absence of external constraint in individual to act the way they want example is freedom of speech 13, this negative freedom is will now be limited, whatever this implication (surveillance state) appears either positive or negative, data shared by citizens via social media including sexual orientation, religious belief, political affiliation and other sensitive information will be monitored and used in ways that breach privacy right. A cursory survey of this work shows a philosophical discourse on media and social media, its social and political implication has been so far discussed, in sum the implications are both ethical and epistemological, social media has become instrument that create awareness, publicise beliefs and transmit norms, it could be said that most of the action of human kind if not all is an imitation from the media, the implication of social media is undoubtedly positive and negative. In addition the picture of a society is painted to the world through social media, some years back when Dr Dura Akuyili was still the minister of information, she embarked on a project called rebranding with the slogan Nigeria good people, great nation, this was to change the bad image of the country and most of the activities she used to perform this crusade were majorly on media and social media. Much of the criticism of social media are about its exclusiveness as most sites do not allow the transfer of information from one to another, disparity of information available, issues with trustworthiness and reliability of information presented, concentration, ownership of media content, and the meaning of interactions created by social media. However, it is also argued that social media has positive effects such as allowing the democratization of the internet while also allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships Most people associate social media with positive outcomes, yet this is not always the case. Due to the increase in social media websites, there seems to be a positive correlation between the usage of such media with cyber bullying, online sexual predators and the decrease in face-to-face interactions, social media may expose children to images of alcohol, tobacco, and sexual behaviours. Whether the implications are beneficial or risky, what is clear is that social media are quickly becoming standard communications tools for political figures and institutions and the citizens they serve, this paper recommend whoever is still lacking the knowledge of using social media to do that without wasting time, above all apply Descartes methodic doubt to every information the social media provided, that is subject social media information to thorough scrutiny before taking them as beliefs, also this paper remind the public of the dangers and vices of social media hence, the wise be more wise and the less wise should upgrade not be a victim of the bad influences.

Essay --

In today’s world, where everything is publicized through tabloids and social media, it seems as if nothing can be kept quiet. Many years ago, this was also encouraged in things such as poetry and writing, â€Å"this† being the expression of ones feelings and issues. However some writers looked the other way in regard to this confessional style of poetry, one of the most well known being Elizabeth Bishop. She rarely used her poetry to depress her readers with gloom, and if she did, it was hidden deep between metaphors and similes, all types of figurative language. Bishop was unquestionably one of the greatest American poets, heavily due to the obstacles she has faced and the vast travels she has experienced, which majorly influence her writing as well as the themes of most of her poems, these types of themes are especially evident in her poem, â€Å"One Art.† Elizabeth was an American poet and writer that left a lasting influence on American Poetry. Through her difficult childhood and broad travels, her two very important influences, and lastly her incredibly unique ability to write, she became one the greatest poets America has ever known. Elizabeth was born on February 8th, 1911 in Worcester Massachusetts. Her father passed away before she was even 1 year old, later leading to her mother’s mental sickness. Her mom was hospitalized and admitted into multiple metal asylums, never to see her daughter again. In addition to a childhood without parental influence, she suffered from chronic asthma and was often very ill. Being an only child, Elizabeth didn't have any siblings or important figures to turn to either. Between the ages 3 to 6, Bishop lived with her mom’s parents, but was then later taken into custody by her fathers’ parents. When s... ... loss of that â€Å"you† in the poem has caused her, most likely a loved one, like her deceased wife or father. Without a doubt, Elizabeth Bishop was a great writer who was remunerated with many prestigious awards that reflected her highly regarded poetic work. Her wide capability to capture her perspective of the world through words and her way of disguising her own sorrowful life in her language allowed her to write about these themes in a unique way. She was generally reviewed in a good light by critics, and writes in a way that is easy to follow and interesting to read. Bishop once said â€Å" All my life I have lived and behaved very much like the sandpiper- just running down the edges of different countries and continents, ‘looking for something.† Well its safe to say what she found was an undeniable talent, a talent greatly admired by most readers like myself.

David Herbert Lawrence :: Essays Papers

David Herbert Lawrence Born on the eleventh day of September in 1885, David Herbert Lawrence was the fourth child of an illiterate coal miner. Lawrence was raised in a small mining town of Eastwood, Nottingham by his mother who happened to be a school a teacher. Threw his childhood David Herbert shared a very close relationship with his mother. Lawrence first started his education in a grammar school, which he had won a scholarship to, and later attended Nottingham University College. When he finished college, Lawrence decided to move to Croydin, just south of London to began his teaching career. While teaching in Croydin he encountered a guy by the name of Ford Madone (Ford’s English Review) which was a good connection for his writing career. In 1912 feeling that he could support himself with his writing, Lawrence left teaching. A couple a months later his mother died and he found out that he was suffering from an illness known as tuberculosis something he would spend the rest of his life with. Also during this year he eloped with Frieda Von Richthofen the daughter of his college professor. Their first years were chronicled in poems called Look. His elopement was the first of Lawrence’s many flights from ill health and social censure. The next step in his life involved him traveling to Venice to a sanitarium in attempt to relief himself of tuberculosis, which turned out to be a big failure. One of the first novels Lawrence wrote was The White Peacock, which would be elaborated upon later works. Lawrence was not only a novelist, he also wrote short stories, plays, poems and travel journalism. Lawrence was a very active short story writer. Two of his first short stories were â€Å"Persian Officers† and â€Å"The Odours of Chrysanthemums.† His short stories were superior to his novels. In 1922 he completed a collection of stories before he decided to travel to America. In a lot of his work he displays nature through birds, beast and flowers. Though Lawrence’s short stories are different from his novels, they displayed his style and structure. Lawrence is also an emotional writer, which might be considered undisciplined to some. In 1928 Lawrence wrote an interesting novel called Lady Chaterley’s Lover which was privately printed. David Herbert Lawrence :: Essays Papers David Herbert Lawrence Born on the eleventh day of September in 1885, David Herbert Lawrence was the fourth child of an illiterate coal miner. Lawrence was raised in a small mining town of Eastwood, Nottingham by his mother who happened to be a school a teacher. Threw his childhood David Herbert shared a very close relationship with his mother. Lawrence first started his education in a grammar school, which he had won a scholarship to, and later attended Nottingham University College. When he finished college, Lawrence decided to move to Croydin, just south of London to began his teaching career. While teaching in Croydin he encountered a guy by the name of Ford Madone (Ford’s English Review) which was a good connection for his writing career. In 1912 feeling that he could support himself with his writing, Lawrence left teaching. A couple a months later his mother died and he found out that he was suffering from an illness known as tuberculosis something he would spend the rest of his life with. Also during this year he eloped with Frieda Von Richthofen the daughter of his college professor. Their first years were chronicled in poems called Look. His elopement was the first of Lawrence’s many flights from ill health and social censure. The next step in his life involved him traveling to Venice to a sanitarium in attempt to relief himself of tuberculosis, which turned out to be a big failure. One of the first novels Lawrence wrote was The White Peacock, which would be elaborated upon later works. Lawrence was not only a novelist, he also wrote short stories, plays, poems and travel journalism. Lawrence was a very active short story writer. Two of his first short stories were â€Å"Persian Officers† and â€Å"The Odours of Chrysanthemums.† His short stories were superior to his novels. In 1922 he completed a collection of stories before he decided to travel to America. In a lot of his work he displays nature through birds, beast and flowers. Though Lawrence’s short stories are different from his novels, they displayed his style and structure. Lawrence is also an emotional writer, which might be considered undisciplined to some. In 1928 Lawrence wrote an interesting novel called Lady Chaterley’s Lover which was privately printed.

Environmental Risk Perception Paper Psy 460 Essay

Environmental Risk Perception Paper The following paper will base on my chosen articles on our climate. I will provide a summary of each article. I will also compare and contrast the risk perceptions that are presented in each article I will identify any environmental stressors that are related to the environmental risk. It will be concluded with a discussion of my own risk perception of the issue. By the end of the paper you will be familiar with different affects that the environment has on us and risks that we take every day just breathing. Environmental Risk Factors Climate Change Climate change is it dangerous? This is a question many have been asking for years. As we know global warming has become a major concern for our environment for the past few years and it seems that is getting worse. In America the study of climate change have become very high risk for at least some reasons. We may not know this but these reason being that the United States plays a big role in the world’s population stated by the (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005), it is said that we use the most intake of carbon dioxide, as we know this is considered to be the heat-trapping gas, alone accounting for nearly a certain amount of the globe . Humans breath a certain amount of tons of carbon each year. (Marland et al., 2003). We have also reason to believe that in Washington D.C. the President and Congress have been fighting against each other with much of the world regarding the reality of all these of all the testing, seriousness, and as to how all of these climate change have come about within these years. During studies public risk has been very high, there is a fear that in the future global climate change on human health may cause serious illnesses even deaths for example skin cancer; this climate change will indeed change the way people live which would mean our drinking water would lessen, this will cause serious disease; possibility of losing human nature and this will cause to world to be affected drastically. Article Two Climate Change The second article is about another issue that is causing our climate to change that can be of higher risk that would be the ozone layer. Our ozone layer seems to be dimensioning it’s been said that pollution gases. Scientist have found evidence that increased pollutants in the air this study shows this comes from cars factories and these are some examples. Some of the sicknesses that occur because of this and our ozone layer not being protected could be bronchial asthma as we know this is a syndrome which can cause shortness of breath and make it difficult for one to breath, the air pollutants on health have been the focus of attention on this factor. During the years they have conducted many experimental studies these studies have shown that even the gas from diesel exhaust have been causing the upper respiratory disease and is able to control the immune system response by increasing bad side effects with animals and humans. There have been studies and during these studies that have been done they have found evidence that air pollutants can work with in the atmosphere or on human airways, this is a very strong effect on the human body. In fact, if the airways start the inflammation some pollutants start to overcome the chest making it hard to breath which would lead to allergen-induced responses. But, air pollution and with the changes in the climate would cause a human to have an effect this would be an allergic response by influencing the percentage rate of the pollen production by allergenic plants. Even though this has been proven many individuals in 2009 still didn’t believe that climate change was the cause of all these illnesses and still did not believe all the facts such as global warming, when carbon dioxide is released in the air which is the combustion of fossil fuels. Environmental Stressors The environmental stressor of climate change have two primary components of this would include (1) temperature elevation with concomitant weather instability and extremes and (2) rising sea-level. These changes may result in the increase of heat waves starting and damaging air pollution, soil moisture would become less, higher weather events for example tornados and hurricans, and coastal inundation (IPCC 1992). More people will have health effects this can include heat related strokes; (2) infectious diseases, this means being beaten by an insect; (3) people will become ill because if food shortage; and (4) because of weather disasters there will be no where for people to live so people will live in streets and public places and this will cause sicknesses to rise because of unhealthy conditions. It seems that the ozone layer is depleting and this is causing many health issues to humans. The direct health impacts from ozone depletion, which leads to increased UV radiation, include ca ncer, asthma many health hazards. Conclusion In conclusion I must say my own perception on environmental risk perception to climate change is very dangerous. It makes me think that some day we will not be able to walk out of the house because the sun would have no protection since everything in the air is not healthy it just keeps eating at it. During my own studies and years of watching the news I have even heard that hairspray is killing our ozone layer. Living in New York City I believe that our pollution plays a big part in the air quality especially with warm weather the pollution is so bad you cannot even breath when its 90 degrees outside. What I have learned during this study is that nothing will keep us safe I know people recycle and everyone is trying to go green but will this save the earth for real I don’t think so we will be walking with masks one day just breath clean fresh air. References: Anthony A. Leiserowitz Risk Analysis, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2005 Risk Analysis: An International Journal December 1, 2005 Risk Analysis: An Official Publication Of The Society For Risk Analysis Date: October 1, 2010 Travis William Reynolds, Ann Bostrom, Daniel Read, and M. Granger Morgan3 Risk Analysis, Vol. 30, No. 10, 2010 U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 Citations: Emerging Health Threats Journal 2011. # 2011 Rodney R. Dietert

Prostitution in Seventeenth Century Europe

Prostitution in Seventeenth Century Europe Prostitution, from its earliest inceptions, has carried a rather unflattering connotation. A majority of the population attaches pejorative labels such as "slut" or "whore" to its practitioners, and deem the institution in general as a taboo subject not mentioned in polite conversation. Regardless of its negative stereotypes, prostitution has become an omnipresent reality even in today's modern world. This essay looks at prostitution in three European countries- Italy, The Netherlands, and England. It will examine how most people viewed such an establishment, the various methods of regulation (if such means existed), and the resulting consequences on seventeenth century society.Most of Europe viewed prostitution in the seventeenth century as a degrading and disreputable means of making a living. This was especially true in Italy, particularly in the city of Florence, which had been transformed by the Renaissance into the cultural and artistic center of the country. As a result, many prostitutes flocked to Florence due to the potential for lavish financial gains.The Procuress, oil on canvasMost of these women of ill repute migrated from the northern countries of Germany, The Netherlands, and Belgium. Only around fifteen percent of Florentine prostitutes came from Italian origins.As John Brackett describes in his article "The Florentine Onesta and the Control of Prostitution, 1403-1680", several of the citizens of Florence regarded prostitution as immoral and viewed it with suspicion. The prevailing thought was that women should not flaunt their libidinous intentions even in the most clandestine settings, and certainly not advertise themselves in public. However, many also realized that lasciviousness was, at the time, a necessity which would be difficult to eradicate altogether. Therefore, the Italian government created the Onesta (Office of Decency) to regulate the practice of prostitution.Instead, the Onesta became a device of exploitation and completely ostac ized prostitutes from tyhe rest of...

aboriginal culture essays

aboriginal culture essays Aboriginal have began to live in Australia nearly about 1 million years ago. Some people believe that originally came from different parts of the world. And migrate to Australia. When they came to Australia they became to developed many different cultures and traditions in which some of them we no longer see today. Only a small number of aboriginals cultures still. But less people know about it due to the stolen generation. What exactly has cause this to happened? What did the Aboriginal do to stop their culture from extinct? Some of their culture is being used all over the world. For example Boomerang. It is known all over the world. But some people didnt know where it originally came from. It originally came from Aboriginal, they used to use it for hunting animals. Now people used it just for fun. Now they start to design it in many different styles. The aboriginal family has a good way of living. They live based on a kinship system.it regulates the whole social life of the aboriginals. Which includes marriage. They lived different than us they all have stages in which they group with. In every nation the important thing to them is there culture. They have to tell their incestor about there culture. The aboriginals now dont have anything to be proud of. To be proud of their culture. What is there culture. They are only some of it still exist. The biggest thing that causes the loss of their culture is the invasion of the European and also the convicts from the war. they have treated Australia as if they was no one in it. So they just went in and stay. They dont care what will happen to the Aboriginal in the future. They treated the Aboriginals as a pest. They teach the Aboriginals about their culture. And told them to used the European culture instead of using their own. And also used English language instead of original Aboriginal language. So that is what happen which lead to the loss of the Aborig ...

Free Essays on The Renaissance Era And It’s Artists

The Renaissance Era and it’s Artists The time known as the Renaissance brought about many changes in the art world. Enlightened ideas and artists paved the way for some of the most famous artists of all time. For centuries, most scholars have agreed that the modern era of human history began with the Renaissance. First, let’s define the word Renaissance. According to the Macmillian School Dictionary, Renaissance means â€Å"a renewal of activity, interest, or enthusiasms about something, rebirth, revival.† This word came from a Latin word rinascere meaning â€Å"reborn†. The Renaissance was a great cultural movement or â€Å"rebirth† that began in Italy during the 14th century. It spread from Italy, it’s â€Å"root†, to France, Germany, England and Spain. One may ask what were they being reborn from. A reason most of the European countries were â€Å"dead† was because of the â€Å"Black Death†, a disease that spread throughout the land, which left many without hope or ambition (Renaissance 232). Another reason for the rise of painting and the arts was because they wanted to recapture that spirit of the Greek and Roman cultures in the own artistic, literary, and philosophic works or art. One god used most often was Venus, the goddes s of love and fertility. Venus is the mother of Cupid, the little god of love (Becket 95). The Renaissance era brought many new techniques to the art world. One of the most important was Perspective. The art of perspective is the representation of solid objects and three-dimensional space according to your optical perception. The laws of perspective are based upon converging lines meeting at a single fixed vanishing point. It also states that objects appear smaller as they recede into the distance. Figure one shows how converging lines create a three-dimensional object (Becket 88-89). The second most noted discovery during this period was the human figure. Medieval artists painted figur... Free Essays on The Renaissance Era And It’s Artists Free Essays on The Renaissance Era And It’s Artists The Renaissance Era and it’s Artists The time known as the Renaissance brought about many changes in the art world. Enlightened ideas and artists paved the way for some of the most famous artists of all time. For centuries, most scholars have agreed that the modern era of human history began with the Renaissance. First, let’s define the word Renaissance. According to the Macmillian School Dictionary, Renaissance means â€Å"a renewal of activity, interest, or enthusiasms about something, rebirth, revival.† This word came from a Latin word rinascere meaning â€Å"reborn†. The Renaissance was a great cultural movement or â€Å"rebirth† that began in Italy during the 14th century. It spread from Italy, it’s â€Å"root†, to France, Germany, England and Spain. One may ask what were they being reborn from. A reason most of the European countries were â€Å"dead† was because of the â€Å"Black Death†, a disease that spread throughout the land, which left many without hope or ambition (Renaissance 232). Another reason for the rise of painting and the arts was because they wanted to recapture that spirit of the Greek and Roman cultures in the own artistic, literary, and philosophic works or art. One god used most often was Venus, the goddes s of love and fertility. Venus is the mother of Cupid, the little god of love (Becket 95). The Renaissance era brought many new techniques to the art world. One of the most important was Perspective. The art of perspective is the representation of solid objects and three-dimensional space according to your optical perception. The laws of perspective are based upon converging lines meeting at a single fixed vanishing point. It also states that objects appear smaller as they recede into the distance. Figure one shows how converging lines create a three-dimensional object (Becket 88-89). The second most noted discovery during this period was the human figure. Medieval artists painted figur...

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

English - Essay Example There are advantages and disadvantages to mobile phone technology, and pros and cons can be explored to find a good balance. Just ten or twenty years ago, mobile phones were being dismissed as a fat or a passing phase. But today, everyone has to have the latest phone. Most people have the latest mobile and their own reasons to have their mobiles in their hands. The young generation seems to have more of these mobile phones than anyone else. It allows making and receiving calls and text, playing games, surfing the internet and listening to music. Often, all of these tasks are in one machine, so that there is integration. The features that attract the users to mobile phones are that people like ringtones, mp3, wallpapers, camera, video recordings, picture messaging (MMS), and Bluetooth mobile technology. These technologies are constantly evolving, and making communication faster and better between people. Unfortunately, it is not always cheap. But mobile phones can also be affordable, such as pay-as-you-go plans and simple phones without a lot of internet or 3G/4G extras. If you want to imagine the importan ce of mobile phones to people, just ask them to leave their phones separate from them for a day, and then see their reaction. That shows how people became dependent on their mobile phones. According to a survey that was done In Germany there were used to be 2.4 million mobile phones in 1994 but in 2007 it has increased to 97.4 million and now worldwide it is about 3 billion (Alexander, 2008). This shows a short period of growth but a very rapid growth in the amount of people using wireless phone. Especially with the introduction of internet-capable cell phones, people have been expanding their options. Mobile phones made the life of each person that uses it is easier, fast and more comfortable, it allows a person to stay in touch with his family, friends whenever and wherever they need to. It is

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Microeconomics - Essay Example If a consumer does not have a utility for the good that he or she values at least the same as P1, then the consumer will choose not to purchase that good; i.e., that good is never rationed to that particular consumer or buyer. Rationing by price automatically guarantee that a good will only be purchased by a buyers who value it the most (Prusty, 72-74). If a good was to increase in its price, then buyers or consumers would re-evaluate their utility of the good and so abolish those uses with values which are not at least equivalent to the new, higher price of a good. The second role of price; allocating or sometimes known as signaling, relates to the producers and also resource owners. A higher price of say good X is, in most cases, a signal that the market needs extra output of X and so producers are offered an incentive so as to hire more resources to make X (Samuelson & William, 89-91). Similarly, a lower price for the good X will gesture them to dedicate fewer resources in the production of X. Consequently, in their search for earnings, producers will always respond to changing prices by either decreasing or increasing production as necessary. The demand for any product or service refers to the quantity that buyers or consumers will be willing and ready to buy at any given price. The supply of goods refers to the quantity which suppliers will be ready and willing to transport to the market at any given prices. An increase in demand for a particular service or product tends to exercise an upward pressure on price. That is, whenever the price of a good increases the corresponding quantity that consumer are willing to buy has also increased. Therefore, a decrease in demand means that the price of that good was lowered at some point in time. However, if producers act in response by supplying extra to the market this might then

Fundamental Principles of Personal Selling Essay

Fundamental Principles of Personal Selling - Essay Example Many salespeople will use previous customer sales lists. The second fundamental principle is communicating. By continually keeping customers that have a history with the company, or, through cold calling potential customers, up to date on the latest products or services that are being offered by the company, there is a higher chance of that salesperson having repeat or new clients. It is important to keep communication up as existing customers will quickly turn to the competitor if they feel that they are not being given special information or deals by their history of business dealings. The third fundamental principle is actually selling. This means that a sales pitch can be done over the phone or through a walk-in client. By providing "eye" contact and body language that shows interest in the customer only and answering questions that the customer may have, without the customer repeating the question, will enhance the probability of closing a deal. It is said that in the first 30 seconds upon walking in a store, the customer will or will not walk out that door depending on how they are greeted or if they are greeted at all. The fourth fundamental principle is in the servicing of the customer by helping the customer with any post-sale questions, service questions with respect to the product and providing support prior to delivery of the product, as well as guiding them toward relying on the warranty and service department when they have a problem. The fifth fundamental principle is information gathering during the sale of the product in an effort to gauge future sales and help in the "marketing planning process" (Tutor2U, n.d.). This will also help in earmarking the existing customer for future purchases based on the product they have bought. The sixth and final fundamental principle is allocating. This is an important factor in the personal selling profession in that if a salesperson is not on top of the current inventory or inventory that is coming in at a certain time, it may be necessary to advise the client and then "decide how the stock should be allocated". (Tutor2U, n.d.) Advantages and Disadvantages As personal selling is very much an involved and personal activity (face to face), the potential buyer or existing customer demand a certain level of personal attention and it is important for that salesperson to be privy to this entire concept or they will face certain disparagement by fellow sales staff. This can lead to loss of sales and market share for the company. Conclusion Personal selling in itself has the potential to make or break a person. The main advantages of personal selling include: "a) the sales message can be customized to meet the needs of the customer; b)

Children of The Marshall Islands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Children of The Marshall Islands - Essay Example The nuclear testing at the Marshal Island drew long lasting impact upon the people of the islands some of them proves to be very severe for the people especially for the children. The nuclear test resulted in both short term and long term effects experienced by the people at Marshal Island. The nuclear explosion put the health safety of people in extreme danger whereas the children were also badly affected from the nuclear testing and man y of them got the possibility of suffering from serious diseases like cancer in their future lives. Many of the children suffered from different health problems soon after the nuclear explosion whereas many remained vulnerable to severe diseases (Stephanie, 2009). The period of 1946 to 1958 witnessed the conduction of 67 nuclear tests by the United States in the Marshal Islands. Most of these nuclear tests were considered atmospheric. Among these, Bravo shot was the most powerful test conducted in 1954 at Bikini atoll that was estimated equivalent t o 7,000 Hiroshima Bombs. After 1958 also US continued nuclear testing on the marshal Island and till 1988, 930 known nuclear tests were conducted in the Marshal Island. According to the estimated these tests combined yield 175 megatons and 137 were devoted to the atmosphere. These tests are regarded very important part of US nuclear testing because despite being just 14% of total US nuclear tests, they yielded 80% of the atmospheric total donated by the US nuclear testing. As a result the marshal Islands were regarded as most contaminated place of the world by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1956. The effects of these nuclear tests were also very strong and the people of the Island had to pay very high cost due to the use of their lands as the site for the UNS nuclear testing. The thermonuclear explosion occurred in 1954 deposited life threatening quantity of radioactive on the island that put the inhabitant’s health safety on high risk level. In 1986 also the people of the i sland living near Chernobyl received three times higher than the estimated dose of radioactive caused from the nuclear accident. These radioactive caused serious damages to the life of the people. Many of them suffered from tissue destructive effects like burning etc. whereas many others had to face latent radiation-induced disease (Hein, et al, 2007).  The effects of nuclear testing were also identified upon the children in their later lives. It was found that almost 69% of the 10 year old children living in Marshal Island in 1954 developed thyroid tumours due to the high dose of nuclear radiation. The prevalence of thyroid cancer is also higher among the people that were inhabitant of the Marshal Island. It was found that the radioiodine became most harmful for the health of the children because it concentrated in the milk and then concentrate in the human glands. Since children usually consume milk on daily basis the prevalence of thyroid cancer due to the concentration of radi oiodine also became very common among the children and children of the Marshal Island suffered from thyroid cancer in greater numbers (Stephanie, 2009).

The Alternative Solutions for Emerson Ross and Partners Essay

The Alternative Solutions for Emerson Ross and Partners - Essay Example Other alternates pertain to employing motivational programs to reduce employee turnover and increasing their commitment to the company. Employee empowerment and an evaluation of the company resulting in the organizational change has also been suggested. Â  The recommended solution that best solves the problem faced by the company is that of organizational change and the implementation of increased communication, collaborative decision making, and employee empowerment programs. The specific strategies for implantation of these programs have been provided. Â  The Emerson Ross and Partners is primarily a partnership which has been operating in the industrial design industry. The company was initiated by its two main partners Peter Emerson and Andrew Ross. However, over the period of years, the company has grown considerably which has resulted in more partners being inducted and the expansion of the scale of operations of the company in different regions of Australia. Lately, the company has been facing major problems which are creating obstacles for the company in terms of its competitiveness in the market and the future growth of the company. Â  The problems that have been identified through the case analysis pertain to control and communication issues. The two partners Emerson and Ross have been running the business for a long time and find it hard to trust the other partners to be able to run the company on their own.

Children of The Marshall Islands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Children of The Marshall Islands - Essay Example The nuclear testing at the Marshal Island drew long lasting impact upon the people of the islands some of them proves to be very severe for the people especially for the children. The nuclear test resulted in both short term and long term effects experienced by the people at Marshal Island. The nuclear explosion put the health safety of people in extreme danger whereas the children were also badly affected from the nuclear testing and man y of them got the possibility of suffering from serious diseases like cancer in their future lives. Many of the children suffered from different health problems soon after the nuclear explosion whereas many remained vulnerable to severe diseases (Stephanie, 2009). The period of 1946 to 1958 witnessed the conduction of 67 nuclear tests by the United States in the Marshal Islands. Most of these nuclear tests were considered atmospheric. Among these, Bravo shot was the most powerful test conducted in 1954 at Bikini atoll that was estimated equivalent t o 7,000 Hiroshima Bombs. After 1958 also US continued nuclear testing on the marshal Island and till 1988, 930 known nuclear tests were conducted in the Marshal Island. According to the estimated these tests combined yield 175 megatons and 137 were devoted to the atmosphere. These tests are regarded very important part of US nuclear testing because despite being just 14% of total US nuclear tests, they yielded 80% of the atmospheric total donated by the US nuclear testing. As a result the marshal Islands were regarded as most contaminated place of the world by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1956. The effects of these nuclear tests were also very strong and the people of the Island had to pay very high cost due to the use of their lands as the site for the UNS nuclear testing. The thermonuclear explosion occurred in 1954 deposited life threatening quantity of radioactive on the island that put the inhabitant’s health safety on high risk level. In 1986 also the people of the i sland living near Chernobyl received three times higher than the estimated dose of radioactive caused from the nuclear accident. These radioactive caused serious damages to the life of the people. Many of them suffered from tissue destructive effects like burning etc. whereas many others had to face latent radiation-induced disease (Hein, et al, 2007).  The effects of nuclear testing were also identified upon the children in their later lives. It was found that almost 69% of the 10 year old children living in Marshal Island in 1954 developed thyroid tumours due to the high dose of nuclear radiation. The prevalence of thyroid cancer is also higher among the people that were inhabitant of the Marshal Island. It was found that the radioiodine became most harmful for the health of the children because it concentrated in the milk and then concentrate in the human glands. Since children usually consume milk on daily basis the prevalence of thyroid cancer due to the concentration of radi oiodine also became very common among the children and children of the Marshal Island suffered from thyroid cancer in greater numbers (Stephanie, 2009).

Survey Article - Lexical System Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Survey - Lexical System - Article Example Number of times the given word is mentioned and finally the ability of to learn and to understand and use the learned vocabulary. This research paper aims at analysing the L2 lexicon system. How different components interact with others within this complex system. In order to understand the power of lexicon system, this research paper is going to analyse case studies of the academic English (L2) vocabulary. It has taken a lot of studies to study the development of vocabulary. Main emphasis has been on the active and passive setting of vocabularies, how people learn and acquire vocabularies. Over the several years, the Dynamic Systems Theory has been used to study the development of L2 vocabulary. This method focus on the process itself rather than the end product of the process. In order to understand how DST model influences development of L2 vocabulary, certain aspects have to be considered. This are, the ability to remember words that were said in the past and use them in the current environment (Schreuder & Weltens, 4). This paper will prove that the two environment are related and that patterns of variation between them are in accordance to the lexicon development system. Language and vocabulary exists in many spheres of life, ranging from medical, biology, geography among others. It is true to assert that language is dynamic and this dynamism gives birth to vocabularies. Be it to and individual or to a given community. Vocabulary development is not linear and is adversely affected by the interactions within the system. This is because factors that affect the ability of one to learn like memory capacity vary from one person to another (Read, 10). Secondly some factors like motivation, given to people so that they can learn something, is affected by the sociolinguistic environment from where this language is developed. Language growth

ICT in Organisations Essay Example for Free

ICT in Organisations Essay 1: Introduction: What is EPOS? What is epos? Epos is a name for a till that operates in big organisation. EPOS systems are mainly used by businesses that have large numbers of regular sales like debenhams, EPOS stands for Electronic Point of Sale, is an electronic system that processes credit cards transactions so that the credit card has the right funds in it ,it is also Checkout tills that are connected to a computer with a bar code scanner that scans the products . The EPOS also provides full stock control; it also provides the tracking of refunding goods. It electronically receives and sends bar code information. How debenhams use epos is that it controls Product handling at point of sale, stock control, automatic reordering and rate of sale information and also is set up to retain a database of all customers volunteering their name/address/telephone number, for the purpose of mailing lists or other marketing database. EPOS can hold details on a maximum of 100,000 stock items. It Takes about 0.25 seconds per product to find its name /country / expiry date, With a 10,000 item stock file. The barcode can be read with a hand held scanner at the checkout .the scanner makes a light appears the reflects off the barcode. The white lines on a barcode reflect the light strongly while the black lines reflect less strongly. There are many differnet types of epos systems that have different makes and different types of size , proccesor , speed a Epos systems include the following features that are on EPOS systems that are in debenhams * Barcode entry sales * Discounts for staff customers * Stock search * Refunds to customers * Stock control * entry for credit card details * customers details * suppliers details * statements * invoices * make barcodes * stores details 2 : description of each of the components Input devices Input devices that are used at debenhams are à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Keyboard à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mouse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Scanner à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Barcode reader à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sensors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Magnetic stripe reader à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Touch screens Input devices are devices that can enter the computer, input devices can give access to information so that it can be stored or entered in the computer for processing or the act of storing goods or the state of being stored on a magnetic tape or a storage device that stores information. Input devices One input device that is on an epos system that is used in debenhams that I will be discussing in detail will be a keyboard. One of the most used input devices in debenhams is called a keyboard, it changes key presses into the computer code, say for example pressing the C key produces electrical signals which the computer uses to represent that letter. Computer uses a different code for each character on the keyboard. A key board is also A hardware device consisting of a number of mechanical buttons (keys) which the user presses to input characters to a computer. How keyboards input devices work is that When a key is pressed, it pushes down on a rubber dome sitting beneath the key. A conductive contact on the underside of the dome touches (and hence connects) a pair of conductive lines on the circuit below. This bridges between them and allows current to flow changing the signal strength. A scanning signal is worked by the chip along the pairs of lines to all the keys. When the signal in one pair becomes different, the chip generates a make code corresponding to the key connected to that pair of lines. The code generated is sent to the computer either via a keyboard cable or over a wireless connection. A chip inside the computer receives the signal bits and decodes them into the appropriate key press. The computer then decides what to do on the basis of the key pressed (e.g. display a character on the screen, or perform some action). There are many different types of keyboards that are used in a epos systems but one that is used at debenhams is called a QWERTY keyboards named after the first six alphabetic keys on the keyboard . Keyboards are especially useful for entering text and numbers. How a type of input device that is used in debenhams which is called a keyboard is used is that it helps the employees working at debenhams to find prices of products that loses it barcode or if they have a mistake in the receipt it can resolve the mistake and give them there money back or if they have to multiply a product more than once so that they dont have to carry it because if its to heavy . They input devices used as part of EPOS in debenhams There are many input devices that are used at debenhams for EPOS systems , one of them is a Bar code scanner its make is Symbol LS6000 , the second input devices that I will be talking about is a Magnetic stripe reader its make is NCR and also its a 3 track reader . Processor used The processor (also called Central Processing Unit, or CPU) is the part of the computer that actually works with the data and runs the programs. the processor is called the brain of the computer, It is a microchip which carries out all of the searching, sorting, selecting and calculating within the computer. Specification of the processor used at debenhams is that most common CPUs in PCs are Celeron Processors made by Intel , it has a fast speed measured in MHz and also it has a hardware that can get the computer up to scratch . .the processor is needed in debenhams epos systems because it helps debenhams to sort everything up to date and get everything sorted to scratch so that it can run like a functional company and also helps debenhams to calculate its shares so that they can know whither the have loses or profits . I think the processor helps debenhams get up to date for that debenhams can gain profits because they have a well fulfilling company that meets its processing needs. The processors used as part of an EPOS system in debenhams There are many processors used at debenhams for epos systems ,one of them is a Store server its make is NCR Worldmark 4455 and the processor type is Pentium Xeon and its processor speed is 500MHz and the size of the RAM is 500MHz. the second processor I will be talking about is the mainframe , its make is IBM ISeries model 840, its size is 3.1Tb, its processor type is 64 bit RISC #23FC , and its processor speed is 16,500 CPW batch 2,000 CPW Interactive . Output devices devices that are used at debenhams are * VDU * Printers * Monitor * Scanner * Hand held barcode scanners

An Analysis Of Huntingtons Theories Of Democratisation Politics Essay

An Analysis Of Huntingtons Theories Of Democratisation Politics Essay The course of modern democratization is actually far more difficult than Huntington suggests in his theory, the Third Wave of Democratization. In fact, this theory fails to elucidate very different explanations for democratization. First of all, it is required to make a separation as to the causes of democratization. Secondly, the wave approach takes for granted that there is now a global movement to establish democracy. This argument might be true to an extent, considering what is happening in certain countries all over the world, and especially in the Arab world. But, according to a more precise consideration, the number of stable and liberal democracies is actually growing very slowly.  [1]  Huntington presumed that more democracies were emerging because more elections were being held. However, holding elections, as mentioned in previous sections, does not necessarily indicate the implementation of democracy and democratization. In other words, if elections were taken as the o nly, or the main sign of democracy and democratization, then a country like Lebanon would be one of the most democratic countries in the world. Quite simply, social conflict theory has been pointed to in conventional studies as sparking the democratization process.  [2]  This theory, based on capitalism, is regarded as the classic method of analysing political reform. It states that the class structure was overturned by capitalism, which led to the formation of a middle class and thus an insistence on social and economic reform so that the new system could be maintained. Indeed, Seymour Lipset asserts that capitalism bread bourgeois and middle class professionals, who are essential for political reform and hence democracy.  [3]   Some researchers believe that democratization has its roots in the 1776 American Revolution. Dahl, for example, dates the process to the success known by the question of representation which brought about the Revolution and ultimately saw the birth of the United States. Other scholars, such as Huntington, equate democracy with individualism and consequently hold the view that its first wave began in the 1600s. The rapid spread of capitalism in the West and the fierce social conflicts that ensued should equally be considered. The non-elite or lower classes were increasingly empowered by growth in the economy, creating a situation where they came to recognize those rights that had so far been denied them. The process of democratization, therefore, resulted from social conflicts. Meanwhile, capitalism and its ensuing social conflicts resulted in the development of a modern and fairly independent state able to play a pivotal role in further social reform. In Europe, this new state enabled the advancement of socio-economic reforms which helped pave the way towards democratization.  [4]  In other words, socio-economic pressure played a key role in leading to democratization, taking into consideration the combination of this pressure with the development of a liberal state that was to some degree autonomous. We can see various different types of self-declared democracies in modern experiments with democratization. Certain countries have seen the emergence of a liberal democracy, while others have seen a degree of electoral change. But the overall picture is completed by the problems democracy faces in most Third World countries. It is thus imperative that we make a distinction between democracies with problems or part-democracies, and those that are secure and strong. In short, contemporary processes of democratization encompass failures and successes. The question raised here is: why do some democratization experiments succeed where others fail? The following is Grugels short answer to this question: Democracies are political systems comprising institutions that translate citizens preferences into policy, have effective states that act to protect and deepen democratic rights, and count on a strong participatory and critical civil society. A consolidated democracy is one in which this political order is routinised and accepted. Consolidation, then, implies both the deepening and stabilizing of democracy. In addition, the chances for consolidation are greatest in cases where favourable international circumstances are allied with state capacity and a growing, vocal and effective civil society.  [5]  133 Initially, the process of democratization started most powerfully in countries which were economically strong and well developed. In other words, stable democracy seemed to be a luxury only rich nations  could afford. But this form of democracy or this concept was not to succeed all the time as it was challenged in some capitalist and economically developed countries such as the former German Democratic Republic in the 1930s, which, although it distributed wealth relatively equitably and was officially dedicated to social justice, could hardly be considered democratic.  [6]  Also, in some authoritarian regimes democracy was replaced by fragile or semi-democracies. This implies that although capitalism is essential, it still does not ensure the emergence of democracy (e.g. semi-democracy in Malaysia). Meanwhile, democratic types of government continued to exist in some countries for considerable periods, even though economic development was slow and elitism was still in force. T his happened, for example, in the island nations of the English-speaking Caribbean, Venezuela and India. In summary, we should see the wave theory as a useful way of placing democratization in its global setting. However, it must be noted that it is not capable of including the various factors implicit in the process. It stresses the need to note that democracy has more chance of developing following social conflict at certain times in world history. But, as we have seen above, on a wider scale the application of wave theory is rather limited. Furthermore, it falls short of clarifying how democracy develops on a national level. With this in mind, we must examine theories of social and economic change and political action in order to gain an understanding of the matter. 2.2.2.2.2 The Process of Democratization It is not a matter of surprise if we find that the number of succeeded and thriving  democratizations is overbalanced by either had undergone failure or stalled experiments. Given that, in some countries around the world, problems like socio-economic imbalance and gender inequality means that democratization will keep on being slow and will remain a painful, and sometimes impossible, task. Since the Portuguese dictatorship was overthrown in 1974, the number of democratically ruled countries has dramatically increased. Prior to this, there were an estimated forty democracies word-wide; these were joined steadily during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a number of states made the transition from authoritarianism to seemingly democratic government. The late 1980s and the decline, and ultimate collapse, of the Soviet Union saw a significant boost to the pace of world-wide democratization. Consequently by the end of 1995 there were, as Larry Diamond has noted, between 76 and 117 democracies, depending on the method used to measure them.  [7]  This post-1974 period is what Samuel Huntington has termed the third wave of global democratic expansion; he demonstrated how important the effects of regional and international democratization were.  [8]   Undoubtedly, holding elections or toppling an authoritarian regime and replacing it with another, even if this receives the support of the people, does not permit a country to wear the badge of democracy. Huntington describes supplanting military regimes as the extremely important beginning to third wave democratization. However, he unwillingly skims over the underlying principal behind taking such action. He states that countries came to begin the process of democratization because of a huge growth in democratic discourse. But it was in fact a result of social and economic change at both the national and supra-national levels. Quite simply the old political system became unable to function in the context of accelerated change to socio-economic structures and had to be exposed and taken apart. It is possible to view democracy today as the culmination of a steady but important development in political thinking. Since the 1800s it has gradually taken root and grown across throughout the world, demonstrating its ability to spread modern values and beliefs. This development, however, was not straight forward and has faced challenges, but the reasons behind and the incentives involved in democracy have been different in space and time. In the nineteenth century, for example, change was spurred on by social class, whereas in the last two decades of the twentieth century it was carried forward by a complicated mixture of social conflict, state building, free global trade and external influences. There has been considerable effort made to provide an explanation for the expansion of democracy; the most convincing of these has been Huntingtons wave theory. With its wide ranging ability to include different issues, it argues that the causes of democratization in those countries to wh ich the wave is common are comparable. Huntingtons theory also makes note that reverse waves of authoritarianism have followed those of democratization. This viewpoint is backed up by his mention of those societies that have either been unable to secure lasting democracy or have seen its collapse. Huntington explains a wave of democratization as follows: A wave of democratisation is a group of transitions from nondemocratic to democratic regimes that occur within a specified period of time and that significantly outnumber transitions in the opposite direction during that period of time. A wave also involves liberalisation or partial democratisation in political systems that do not become fully democratic. Each of the first two waves of democratisation was followed by a reverse wave in which some but not all of countries that had previously made the transition to democracy reverted to non-democratic rule.  [9]   For Huntington, it was from the beginning of the nineteenth century until 1930 when the first wave took place. This was, as he argues, associated with the growth and development of liberal democracy in theory and practice. He continues by saying that the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945 was indicative of the Second wave. At that time, the coalition led by the Americans lead the process of democratizing the occupied territories of Germany, Japan and Austria. In his book, Huntington finally comes to the third wave of democratization which, he argues, started in Portugal in 1974, then spread to Greece and Spain, and after that, in the 1980s, reached some Latin American countries. This wave, according to Huntington, ended up in Eastern and Central Europe and the Soviet Union. One can argue that the profound need for economic growth and popular awareness about political developments contributed greatly to the smooth and painless integration of these countries into the democratic union. To sum up, adding to what Huntington demonstrated in his book, one can extend these three waves some other encouraging developments that have occurred in certain other developing countries which have showed a great desire for democratization. However, one should bear in mind that in many of these countries these objectives have been counterbalanced and outweighed by conditions that have rendered electoral democracy increasingly shallow, illiberal, unaccountable, and afflicted.  [10]  In other words, establishing some democratic institutions which are believed to be taken or filled by elected members from the public cannot, in itself, be seen as a proof of successful democratization. 2.2.2.2.3 Democratization and the State Democracy describes the system; democratization describes the process. This rule shows us the boundary between democracy and democratization. When discussing democratization it might be helpful to demonstrate its purpose. The purpose of democratization is the building of a democratic state. But the question is: How does this happen? The general consensus is that democracy entails more than simply holding elections. However, academics have so far been unable to agree on what exactly is necessary. We are aware that the state is, in the final analysis, a means of dominating society. In a democracy, then, hierarchies which act combining legitimate power, persuasion and bureaucracy tend to hold power. A further characteristic of a democracy is the existence of several bodies that hold authority and make decisions. In an undemocratic state, meanwhile, democratization makes the state apparatus its main target. Therefore, it is rather illogical to believe that an undemocratic state will itse lf try to carry out democratization. Overall, a democratic governments legitimacy is reliant on its ability to convincingly demonstrate it is truly representative of the people, acts in their interest, and can be held accountable by them. Therefore, a democratic government should adhere to these principles. Although democratic and capitalist states naturally work to a business- and profit-oriented agenda, it is more likely that they will answer demands for social and economic justice given that they rely on a healthy balance between this and economic prosperity in order to survive. With regard to force, it is widely agreed that the state can coerce and use violence. However, it is argued that in a democracy there is no need to resort to this unless it is to protect against outside threats or against criminals or those causing social disorder. Grugel has assessed some fundamental characteristics of a democratic state: I. Territorial integrity, either as a result of the belief that the state represents a nation or through negotiations and legitimate and binding agreements that make a multinational state possible. II. The rule of law, that is, minimal rights and duties of citizens are legally encoded and the parameters of state activity legally defined. III. A minimal use of legally sanctioned violence against its own citizens. IV. A popularly elected and representative government that is formally controlled by constitutional channels of accountability. V. A complex bureaucracy that can make claims to impartiality. VI. The existence of multiple centres of power. VII. The formal existence of channels of access to decision making, even for subordinated social groups, which are operational to some degree. VIII. Some commitment to social and economic justice.  [11]   In short and to end this section, the only way that leads to fully democratizing any state involves applying, to a degree, the following three conditions: Institutional change. Representative change. Functional transformation. These three steps create the path towards full democratization, regardless the fact of that in contemporary democratizations, most attention focuses on having and implementing institutional change.

Essay --

Many children with special needs struggle with language, math and social skills. Social skills can be taught at school, home and out in public. Teaching Social skills are used all day everyday. Basically the only way you can narrow down what the problem is document what is going on. Many of his daily struggles is going to be frustrated because he wants to say something but don't know the words to say. Praise him when he doesn't get frustrated. You can play games with the child and encourage them, remind them "use your words" They can have deficiencies and delays. Games are great because they aren't in a stressful environment. They may need your assistance in finding the right words. Sometimes they can draw something rather then say the words. Use social stories to help them in using their words. Role play the stories so they are taught several different ways to get their point across. Each person learns in a different way its going to take some trial and error to see what the problem really is. The problems seen most are due frustration from the child because you have given a task to do. How do you make the child understand? Sometimes you will see them getting frustrated if you give them more then one task at a time. Social skills is such a complex issue. Many times they use inappropriate language and have inappropriate social skills. They need to be encouraged to speak to people instead of hiding behind you scared of someone he doesn't know. Due to problems with social skills they can lash out at you or others who just can't understand what he is trying to say. Praise him when he behaves appropriately. When there is something coming up that may make them a little nervous, encourage him to be socially appropriate. If your chil... ...hould make a transition into the next thing coming up. a little easier. Examples could be; teacher isn't going to be at school the next day. Its much better for them to know and understand what was going to happened next. Praise or reward the child when he uses appropriate language, looks you in the eye, waiting on something he wants and express himself in an appropriate manor. By teaching appropriate behaviors you have to substitute a good behavior for the inappropriate behavior he is exhibiting. Again, the key to teaching children with social skill deficiencies is model behaviors. Most of the time speaking to the child is not enough to be appropriate. Its a ongoing task but its one you can work with. Please feel free to add your challenges or email me: mrsrevjohnson@charter.net Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Kerry_B_Johnson Share this article!

Blade Runner Essay -- Papers

Blade Runner "Mise en scene, in discussions of film, refers to the composition of the individual film, the relation of objects, people and masses; the interplay of light and dark; the pattern of colour; the camera's position and angle of view, as well as the movement within the frame". The complete film dictionary. The Ridley Scott film Blade Runner, begins with opening credits, these are plain, bold, white text on a black background. This along with quiet music and sudden beats of drums creates a very tense atmosphere and helps with suspense; there is a very military feel to this opening sequence. We are then given an update of events, this tells us the film is set in the future and that it is a time when technology has enabled cyborg human clones, colonisation on planets in outer space and a world dominated by Large Corporations, this tells us that the genre of this film is sci-fi. ====================================================================== The opening sequence shows a vast futuristic urban ba...

Basic Concept of International Development

International development or global development is a concept that lacks a universally accepted definition, but it is most used in a holistic and multi-disciplinary context of human development – the development of livelihoods and greater quality of life for humans. It therefore encompasses foreign aid, governance, healthcare, education, gender equality, disaster preparedness, infrastructure, economics, human rights, environment and issues associated with these.International development is related to the concept of international aid, but is distinct from, though conceptually related to, disaster relief and humanitarian aid. While these two forms of international support seek to alleviate some of the problems associated with a lack of development, they are most often short term fixes – they are not necessarily long-term solutions. International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the nec essary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems.A truly sustainable development project is one whichwill be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it is financial or otherwise. |International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects | |targeted at several aspects of society. will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it is financial or otherwise. International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects | |targeted at several aspects of society. will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it is financial or otherwise. |International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem o r a series of projects | |targeted at several aspects of society.

Psychological Mindsets in the Black Cat, My Last Duchess

The reality of life is that at some point it will all come to an end. End, one referencing it to when one is pronounced dead. Since death is unavoidable, we must take into account death because it is the finalization of our lives spent on this earth as well as an account of the way we left this world. There are numerous ways that one can leave this world, some die peacefully while others may die by force.The following will reveal the psychological mindsets concerning death as depicted in Poe’s â€Å"The Black Cat†, Browning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess†, and Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not Stop for Death†, and the ramifications of perverseness, pride, and eternity In â€Å"The Black Cat,† Poe uses perverseness to explain the narrator’s pursuit to murder Pluto, the black cat, and eventually his wife. The narrator had once loved animals, but alcoholism contributed to his change of temperament and irritableness, which led to the a buse of his pets and his wife.His reasoning for gouging Pluto’s eyes out, and then murdering the animal was because it loved him as he rejected it. The narrator had a sense of self-loathing and self-hatred that made him want to continue doing wrong to Pluto, which we identify to be: This spirit of perverseness, I say, came to my final overthrow. It was this unfathomable longing of the soul to vex itself-to offer violence to its own nature- to do wrong for the wrong’ssake only- that urged me to continue finally to consummate the injury I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute (Poe 138).After the death of Pluto, another cat who resembles Pluto, but with an added splotch of white fur becomes the narrators’ new pet, which fills the void of the narrator’s loss of Pluto. The new cat begins to disgust the narrator: â€Å"By slow degrees these feelings of disgust and annoyance rose into the bitterness of hatred†¦I came to look upon it with unutterable loa thing, and to flee silently from its odious presence, as from the breath of a pestilence†(Poe 140). The narrator doesn’t inflict harm on the cat for a while because it reminds him of Pluto and his evil deed.Although, the narrator feels shame and guilt he is not remorseful of his actions due to his perverse spirit because really: â€Å"Evil thoughts became my sole inmates-the darkest and most evil thoughts. The moodiness of my usual temper increased to hatred of all things and all of mankind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Poe 141). The narrator’s soul, which is full of madness and hatred, led him one day while his wife came with him to run some errands into the cellar, to attack the cat in rage. The cat had somehow made the narrator trip as he followed them into the cellar and this ignited fury from the narrator’s soul.His wife stopped his attempt to hit the cat with an axe and because of his wife’s actions, his madness shifted: â€Å"Goaded by the interference in to a rage more than demoniacal, I withdrew my arm from her grasp and buried the axe in her brain† (Poe 141). Poe uses the principle of perverseness in many of his other works as well as â€Å"The Black Cat† to portray: â€Å"To an ambiguous balancing of forces of attraction and repulsion (the seductive pull towards self destruction)† (Ketterer 28).This is the reason why the narrator’s perverse spirit caused him to murder with not much of a thought of remorse, but that he had committed a deadly sin, in which he found comfort in because what he was doing was leading him to his own self-destruction. Also, the narrator can be depicted as a victim to his mind, which led him to murder because when one reads Poe’s stories there tends to be an account where: â€Å"the imaging, then verbal expression create the fiend that overtakes the narrator’s reason†¦. ccording to the story’s analysis of the souls faculties, the human imagination crea tes a tangible, readily perceptible being† (Bieganowski 176-177). The narrator can be considered a victim, because the reader can sympathize that he is helpless and sick to the perverse spirit that becomes his nature. The narrator constantly in his mind goes through the continuous tugging between right and wrong and good and evil, till he finally wants it all to stop and in his mind, everything is distorted to do evil, in order to cease the tugging.In â€Å"My Last Duchess,† Browning uses the motive of pride to provide the Duke of Ferra’s reasoning for why he has his wife killed. In the beginning of the poem, the Duke of Ferra is addressing an ambassador, when he brings up a painting on the wall of his last Duchess. As his last Duchess is depicted, the Duke describes her as finding pleasure in the little things and not of the things he gave her. Furthermore she did not value his name nor admire him.By the start of the poem, the Duke of Ferra has shown his own ins ecurities about his last Duchess because he couldn’t control her and therefore the picture of her on the wall is now his dominance over her. As the duke talks of his Duchess, her actions in someway displeased him as she did a number of things wrong: â€Å"A heart-how shall I say? -too soon made glad, too easily impressed†¦somehow-I know not how-as if she ranked my gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name†(Browning 513). The Duke of Ferra is possessive, as well as arrogant and proud in nature.Due to his character and mania the Duke took everything his Duchess did as an offence because he wasn’t in control and so his pride led him to believe: Even had you skill in speech-which I have not-to make yourwill quite clear to such an one, and say you disgust me; hereyou miss, or there you exceed the mark-and if she let herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse-even then would be some stooping; and I choose never to stoop (Brow ning 513).The Duke of Ferra justifies killing his wife before even mentioning that he has had her killed because in the Duke’s mind he see’s the Duchess’ smiles as incriminating. He thinks this because she didn’t just smile for him, but others as well, which is one of the jealousies that consumes him. The Duke’s jealous and possessive nature arouses his mania to be in complete control of a being, in this case his last Duchess. With all the Duke’s frustrations and concerns about his last Duchess off his chest and because of his own sense of pride for her to be what he wanted her to be: â€Å" I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together.There she stands as if alive† (Browning 513). The Duke refers to his last Duchess as standing there as if she was alive as a means to show his vain character. When the narrator looks at his last Duchess, he doesn’t just see in the painting the picture of her, but the painting is just another valued object, in which he is proud to possess. As pride is depicted for why the narrator went so far as to have his last Duchess murdered, the narrator’s actions can be self-evaluated to constitute the emotion of pride that overcame his judgment.With emotions there is more than the substantial basis to how one feels: â€Å"They are adaptive patterns of behavior arising from a person’s appraised relation to ongoing events†¦ beginning with appraisals of notable changes in an individual’s goals, motives, or concerns (Tangey and Fischer 65-66). From this explanation of emotions, the narrator adapted his sense of pride from his careful watch of his wife as more and more things that she did offended him. The narrator took into consideration every action his wife did from her smiles to her otal unawareness of the narrator’s notable name. Also from the explanation of emotions one can understand why the narrator didn’t simply just have his wife murd ered swiftly when he was displeased with her the first time. The narrator came to a gradual decision to have his wife murdered because of his emotions of pride and the sense of mania that grew from the displeasure of the ongoing events of his last Duchess, which lead him to believe what he couldn’t control, was a problem.Therefore, the narrator murders his wife due to the emotion of pride, which is defined: On the basis of a growing literature, we suggest that pride is generated by appraisals that one is responsible for a socially valued outcome or for being a socially valued person. Pride comprises action tendencies to present one’s worthy self or action to others such as a broad smile, beaming face, erect posture, celebratory gestures or comments, and comments that call attention to the self’s accomplishment. Internal reac-tions include increased heart rate and skin conductance as well as an erratic respiration.The subjective experience of pride involves an ex perience of one’s body or self as taller, stronger or bigger (Tangey and Fischer 66). In â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† Dickinson uses death to depict a seducing trip to eternity. From the first lines of the poem they predict the courteous and smooth passage from death to a place of eternity: â€Å" Because I could not stop for Death- He kindly stopped for me- the Carriage held but just ourselveles- And Immortality â€Å"(Dickinson 541). The Carriage driver is then depicted as being civil and courteous to the narrator.As the carriage driver is taking her closer and closer to death, the narrator passes childhood like memories till eventually they stop at her grave: â€Å"We passed the school, where Children strove at recess-in the Ring†¦we passed the Setting Sun- or rather-He passed Us†( Dickinson 541). Then the narrator describes what she is wearing, which is a gossamer, a tippet, and a tulle that shows she is under dressed because she begins to quiver and expresses the sudden chilliness. Then the carriage driver stops. One can imagine it’s a stop at the grave for we can conclude that the scenario is now darker and colder.The narrator uses the description of the house to depict the grave. The whole stop is the actual death of the narrator. The last stanza talks about the horse’s head that is pointed to eternity. This last part is in recognition that the narrator is guessing she’s headed towards eternity. We can infer that this whole experience for the narrator was a natural occurrence. We can also infer that since the carriage driver was courteous and civil, and created the whole attraction to death, that the narrator is going towards eternity.Furthermore since death for the narrator was a positive experience we can conclude that she will reach eternity. The occurrence of death in this story is linked to eternity. When one thinks of eternity it is a positive thought to what happens after our death. T herefore the whole experience of the carriage driver taking the narrator to her death had to symbolize the positive place that she would go next. This poem uses the seductive and attractive nature of the carriage driver to lure the narrator to her death, to the point where she doesn’t realize that she is dying because it came so naturally.The carriage driver is the male persona in this poem, because he creates a gentleman like approach to the narrator. To Dickinson death was an important part of many of her works. Emily Dickinson had an obsession for what happens after this life. This is one of the main inspirations for why most of Dickinson poems and stories revolve around death. This poem specifically â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† uses her ideology: â€Å" For Dickinson, thought does not stop just because death cannot or does not appear.Thus the thought-poem proceeds to â€Å"figure death out† in at least two ways, both of which rely on narrative ly precise imagery: one facing death†¦two the poet enacts through imagery the leap into the unknown of death† (Deppman 3). In â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† Dickinson also uses: This category of personification carries two implications: first, that death becomes positive, becomes a thing or person and not an ab- sence or cessation, and second, that there is a relation of self to another beyond death (Death, the gentleman).All of the above maybe interpreted as strategies for a â€Å"creative† death-into-life approach (Nesteruk 28-29). Death was used in the stories of â€Å"The Black Cat,† â€Å"My Last Duchess,† and â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death†. The psychological mindset of death depicted in each story or poem explained why the narrator or the protagonist acted the way they did. In â€Å"The Black Cat,† Poe created a narrator whose perverse spirit led him to not only murder his cat, but his wife as well, in this mind debilitating circumstance where the narrator is leading a life towards self-destruction.In â€Å"My Last Duchess,† the Duke’s pride drove him to murder his last Duchess and possess her as a painting that he is proud to own. In â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† Dickinson uses a carriage drive to seduce the narrator towards her death, then eventually eternity. Works Cited Page * DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. * Ketterer, David. Edgar Allan Poe Life,Work, and Criticism. Canada: York Press, 1989. Print. * Tangey, June P. , and Fischer, Kurt W. Self-Conscious Emotions:The Psychology of Shame, Guilt. Embarrassment, and Pride. New York: 1995.Print. * Bieganowski, Ronald. â€Å"The Self-Consuming Narrator In Poe's â€Å"Ligeia† And â€Å"Usher. † American Literature 60. 2 (1988): 175. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. * Nesteruk, Peter. â€Å"The Many Deaths of Emily Dickinson. † Emily Dickinson Journal 6. 1 (1997): 25-43. Project Muse. Spring 1997. Web. 28 Nov 2012. * Deppman, Jed. â€Å" Dickinson, Death, and the Sublime† Emily Dickinson Journal 9. 1 (2000):1-20. Print. * Schubert, Johan. â€Å" Between eternity and transience: On the significance of time in psycholoanalysis† 26 May. 2001. Web. 28 November. 2012 14 Research Paper English 1100C-7 Professor De Marco November 19, 2012

Psychology. About stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology. About stress - Essay Example Later, he experimented upon animals by injecting toxic chemical in their bodies and found three common reactions. The organisms’ adrenal glands increased, their organs which produced the white blood cells and their lymph nodes initially expanded and shrank later, and thirdly, their intestines and stomachs bled. These reactions were termed by Hans Selye as the General Adaptation Syndrome. He said that when an organism or a human being gets into stress, the usual physiologic systems are interrupted and the resulting changes cause diseases. The physical and emotional upset organisms experienced upon injection of the toxic substance caused such patterns to develop which would cause infection, disease and ultimately death if left untreated. The General Adaptation Syndrome Selye talked about can be divided into three phases namely the alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion (â€Å"Health News Network†). In the Alarm Reaction Stage, the resistance is lowered because of initi al depression of the immune system. This increases the tendency to acquire disease. When the stress does not stay for long, the individual recovers. With the passage of time, the body adapts to the rising levels of stress. This increases the body’s ability to resist the consequential disease.

Methods of Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Methods of Analysis - Coursework Example These are the Government policies that are involved in the planning process for the cities in the transport sector. The Government is responsible for the construction of roads, subways and the development of policies of parking. The making of the city planning codes is also a political element (Drezner,1995). A combination of two methods of analysis is recommended since one method allows the establishments of the weight of the benefits in relation to the costs while the other applies the principle of opportunity cost allowing the application of the cheapest method. A public budget is a plan from the government which indicates the expected achievements from the allocation of resources to various institutions in the following fiscal year (12 months). The resources are obtained from the citizens in various ways such as taxes and licenses and also from internal and external borrowing. The funds are allocated according to various factors such as the population density, previous development procedures and availability of other resources for instance vehicles for the allocation of funds to construct road networks (Levy, 2013). The lack of a general agreement during the development of a public budgeting is due to the various opinions by the various members of the political class regarding the allocation of funds in certain areas while others feel unsatisfied (Drezner,